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Bioconversion of marine waste biomass for biofuel and value-added products recovery 499

22.4.3 Nonedible products

Fish manufacturing industry, packaging industry, fish markets, in addition to
ports, produce enormous quantity of marine waste. These wastes have to be uti-
lized in proper way to produce the useful products. By the use of seaweed and
discarded fish, different value-added products such as pharmaceuticals, cos-
metics, and functional foods has been produced. Another mode of consumption
of these by-products as nonedible is to make fertilizers to develop as a substrate
for the plant. Due to the effect of eutrophication, bulk of emerged seaweed can
be composted to produce fertilizers that contain nutrients such as potassium,
calcium, and magnesium. These composting methods are suitable waste manage-
ment practice and they are considered as both economically and environmentally
sound (Noguera et al., 2003). Techniques used for the reuse of fish waste com-
prise manufacture of high-protein animal feeds. Shrimp waste is used for the
production of value-added derivative such as chitin, cartenoids, and production
of lactic acid (Villares et al., 2007). Fig. 22.3 shows marine waste to edible and
nonedible products.

22.4.3.1 Fertilizer

Marine waste is conventionally utilized as a fertilizer in sea areas, because it con-
tains huge quantity of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous). Composting is the
biotransformation procedure by which the organic materials can be changed into
complex materials by action of bacteria or fungi (Arvanitoyannis, 2010).
Following are the four phases involved in composting process: (1) decomposition
phase, (2) thermophilic phase, (3) second thermophilic phase, and (4) maturation
phase. The outcoming product used for the improvement of fertility and texture of
soil increases the carbon storage capacity, decreases the usage of synthetic fertili-
zers, and ultimately lessens the emission of GHG. On the one hand, the aforemen-
tioned substance is of immense prospective utilization in agriculture, and on the
other, its stabilization is suggested to avoid troubles connected to the emergence
of phytotoxic components (Mata-Go ´mez et al., 2014).

22.4.3.2 Cosmetics
Macroalgae such as Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta can be used for the
formation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic components. The name “cosmeceutical”
illustrates the products used for the skin care, and these types of cosmeceuticals
come under cosmetics and drugs (de Jesus Raposo et al., 2013). The structure and
function of the skin have been enhanced by the action of cosmetics. Vitamins, phy-
tochemicals, enzymes, antioxidants, and essential oils are the components of cosme-
ceuticals that are included in ointment, cream, and powders. These compounds are
predominantly found in marine algae and are mostly used for the source of cosme-
ceutical skin care products (Poli et al., 2010).