Page 332 - Renewable Energy Devices and System with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS

13 Batteries and Ultracapacitors for

Electric Power Systems with

Renewable Energy Sources

Seyed Ahmad Hamidi, Dan M. Ionel, and Adel Nasiri

CONTENTS
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................320
13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................320
13.2 Battery Energy Storage System: Types, Characteristics, and Modeling ..............................323
13.2.1 Lead-Acid .................................................................................................................323
13.2.2 Lithium-Ion ...............................................................................................................323
13.2.3 Sodium Sulfur ...........................................................................................................323
13.2.4 Other Types of Batteries and Energy Storage Systems ............................................324
13.2.5 BES Modeling and Test Setups ................................................................................324
13.3 Ultracapacitor Energy Storage: Types, Characteristics, and Modeling ................................327
13.3.1 Ultracapacitor Types and Characteristics..................................................................327
13.3.2 Ultracapacitor Modeling ...........................................................................................328
13.4 Energy Storage Management Systems (ESMS) ...................................................................330
13.4.1 Main Concepts ..........................................................................................................330
13.4.2 State of Charge (SOC) ..............................................................................................330
13.4.3 State of Health (SOH) ...............................................................................................332
13.4.4 State of Life (SOL) ...................................................................................................332
13.4.5 Cell Balancing Systems ............................................................................................332
13.5 Energy Storage Interface Systems ........................................................................................333
13.5.1 AC/DC Converters ....................................................................................................333
13.5.2 Non-Isolated DC/DC Converters ..............................................................................334
13.5.3 Isolated DC/DC Converters ......................................................................................337
13.6 Utility-Level Storage Systems ..............................................................................................339
13.6.1 Ancillary Services .....................................................................................................339
13.6.2 Energy Time Shifting ................................................................................................340
13.6.3 Capacity Credit .........................................................................................................340
13.6.4 Renewable Energy Integration ..................................................................................340
13.6.5 Microgrids and Islanded Grids .................................................................................341
13.6.6 Examples of ESS Field Installation ..........................................................................342
13.7 Simulation Examples ............................................................................................................343
13.7.1 EV Charging Station .................................................................................................343
13.7.2 Load Leveling/Energy Time Shifting in a System with Integrated BES ..................343
13.7.3 Multiphysics and Multidomain Simulations of BES ................................................343
13.8 Summary ...............................................................................................................................348
References ......................................................................................................................................349

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