Page 45 - Reservoir Formation Damage

Mineralogy and Mineral Sensitivity of Petroleum-Bearing Formations 29

• Double Layers Overlap
•——
©

Semipermeable
Membrane Surrounding
Clay Particles
Figure 2-18. Mechanism of osmotic pressure generation between two clay
particles in water (after C. C. Ladd, 1960; reprinted by permission of the
Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, Washington, D.C.,
from C. C. Ladd, "Mechanisms of Swelling by Compacted Clay," in Highway
Research Board Bulletin 245, Highway Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C., 1960, pp. 10-26).

Swollen
region

Pore
surface

Pore
volume Water
absordtion

Figure 2-19. Mechanism of formation swelling by water absorption
(after Civan, ©1999 SPE; reprinted by permission of the Society of Petro-
leum Engineers).