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240                                       Computed-Torque Control

              which has a pole at some desirable location |α|<1. The design parameter α
              may be selected by simulation studies. Then the controller with antiwindup
              protection (4.5.23), (4.5.24) is given by


                                                                          (5)




                                                                          (6)

            The corresponding difference equations for implementation are

                                                                          (7)



                                                                          (8)

            A few lines of FORTRAN code implementing this digital controller are given
            in Figure 4.5.9. This subroutine may be used as the control update routine
            DIG for the digital simulation driver program TRESP in Appendix B.






















              Figure 4.5–9: FORTRAN code implementing PI controller with antiwindup
              compensation.
                 If α=1 we obtain the special case (2), which is called the position form
              and has no antiwindup compensation. If α=0, we obtain the deadbeat
              antiwindup compensation





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