Page 15 - Separation process principles 2

Contents xix

PART 4 SEPARATIONS THAT INVOLVE A SOLID PHASE 621

Chapter 16 Leaching and Washing 623

16.0 Instructional Objectives 623
Industrial Example 623
16.1 Equipment for Leaching 624
Batch Extractors 625
Espresso Machine 626
Continuous Extractors 627
Continuous, Countercurrent Washing 629
16.2 Equilibrium-Stage Model for Leaching and Washing 631
McCabe-Smith Algebraic Method 633
Variable Underflow 635
16.3 Rate-Based Model for Leaching 637
Food Processing 637
Mineral Processing 639
Summary 641 References 641 Exercises 642

Chapter 17 Crystallization, Desublimation, and Evaporation 644

17.0 Instructional Objectives 644
Industrial Example 645
17.1 Crystal Geometry 648
Crystal-Size Distributions 648
Differential Screen Analysis 65 1
Cumulative Screen Analysis 65 1
Surface-Mean Diameter 652
Mass-Mean Diameter 652
Arithmetic-Mean Diameter 652
Volume-Mean Diameter 653
17.2 Thermodynamic Considerations 653
Solubility and Material Balances 653
Enthalpy Balances 656
17.3 Kinetic and Transport Considerations 658
Supersaturation 658
Nucleation 659
Crystal Growth 660
17.4 Equipment for Solution Crystallization 663
Circulating, Batch Crystallizers 664
Continuous, Cooling Crystallizers 665
Continuous, Vacuum, Evaporating Crystallizers 665
17.5 The MSMPR Crystallization Model 666
Crystal-Population Balance 667
17.6 Precipitation 671
17.7 Meltcrystallization 673
Equipment for Melt Crystallization 674
17.8 Zone Melting 677