Page 12 - Separation process principles 2

xvi Contents

Fenske Equation for Minimum Equilibrium Stages 347
Distribution of Nonkey Components at Total Reflux 349
Underwood Equations for Minimum Reflux 349
Gilliland Correlation for Actual Reflux Ratio and Theoretical Stages 353
Feed-Stage Location 355
Distribution of Nonkey Components at Actual Reflux 356
9.2 Kremser Group Method 356
Strippers 357
Liquid-Liquid Extraction 358
Summary 360 References 360 Exercises 360

Chapter 10 Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption,
Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 364

10.0 Instructional Objectives 364
10.1 Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage 365
10.2 General Strategy of Mathematical Solution 366
10.3 Equation-Tearing Procedures 367
Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm 367
Bubble-Point (BP) Method for Distillation 369
Sum-Rates Method for Absorption and Stripping 374
Isothermal Sum-Rates Method for Liquid-Liquid Extraction 378
10.4 Newton-Raphson Method 380
10.5 Inside-Out Method 388
MESH Equations 389
Rigorous and Complex Thermodynamic Property Models 390
Approximate Thermodynamic Property Models 390
Inside-Out Algorithm 39 1
Summary 393 References 394 Exercises 394

Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 401
11.0 Instructional Objectives 402
11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs 402
Residue-Curve Maps 405
Distillation-Curve Maps 410
Product-Composition Regions at Total Reflux (Bow-Tie Regions) 41 1
11.2 Extractive Distillation 413
11.3 Salt Distillation 417
11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation 419
11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 421
11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 425
Multiplicity of Solutions 429
11.7 Reactive Distillation 432
11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 439
Summary 445 References 445 Exercises 447