Page 9 - Separation process principles 2

Contents xiii

Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 117

4.0 Instructional Objectives 117
4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 117
Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis 1 18
4.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems 119
4.3 Azeotropic Systems 123
4.4 Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations 126
Isothermal Flash 126
Bubble and Dew Points 128
Adiabatic Flash 130
4.5 Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems 13 1
4.6 Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems 137
4.7 Solid-Liquid Systems 138
Leaching 138
Crystallization 141
Liquid Adsorption 142
4.8 Gas-Liquid Systems 144
4.9 as-solid Systems 146
Sublimation and Desublimation 146
Gas Adsorption 146
4.10 Multiphase Systems 147
Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Solid System 148
Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System 149
Rigorous Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System 150
Summary 151 References 152 Exercises 152

Chapter 5 Cascades and Hybrid Systems 161
5.0 Instructional Objectives 161
5.1 Cascade Configurations 16 1
5.2 Solid-Liquid Cascades 163
5.3 Single-Section, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascades 165
Cocurrent Cascade 165
Crosscunrent Cascade 165
Countercurrent Cascade 166
5.4 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Cascades 167
Single-Section Cascades by Group Methods 167
Two-Section Cascades 171
5.5 Membrane Cascades 175
5.6 Hybrid Systems 176
5.7 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Countercurrent Cascades 177
Stream Variables 178
Adiabatic or Nonadiabatic Equilibrium Stage 178
Single-Section, Countercurrent Cascade 179
Two-Section, Countercurrent Cascades 179
Summary 184 References 185 Exercises 185