Page 421 - Solid Waste Analysis and Minimization a Systems Approach

WASTE MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES 399

final consumer employ more administrative and marketing personnel. Industries that
market their products mostly to industrial customers generally employ a greater propor-
tion of precision production workers and a lower proportion of unskilled labor.
The chemical manufacturing subsector is based on the transformation of organic
and inorganic raw materials by a chemical process and the formulation of products.
This subsector distinguishes the production of basic chemicals that comprise the first
industry group from the production of intermediate and end-products produced by fur-
ther processing of basic chemicals that make up the remaining industry groups.
This subsector does not include all industries transforming raw materials by a
chemical process. It is common for some chemical processing to occur during mining
operations. These beneficiating operations, such as copper concentrating, are classi-
fied in sector 21, mining. Furthermore, the refining of crude petroleum is included in
subsector 324, petroleum and coal products manufacturing. In addition, the manufac-
turing of aluminum oxide is included in subsector 331, primary metal manufacturing;
and beverage distilleries are classified in subsector 312, beverage and tobacco product
manufacturing. As in the case of these two activities, the grouping of industries into
subsectors may take into account the association of the activities performed with other
activities in the subsector.
The petroleum and coal products manufacturing subsector is based on the transfor-
mation of crude petroleum and coal into usable products. The dominant process is
petroleum refining that involves the separation of crude petroleum into component
products through such techniques as cracking and distillation.
In addition, this subsector includes establishments that primarily further process
refined petroleum and coal products and produce products, such as asphalt coatings
and petroleum lubricating oils. However, establishments that manufacture petro-
chemicals from refined petroleum are classified in industry 32511, petrochemical
manufacturing.

30.2 Waste Management Goals

and Opportunities

The majority of solid waste generated by this sector is solidified sludge and mixed
office paper. Table 30.1 displays the composition breakdown based on survey results.
As shown in the table, the recycling rate for this sector is approximately 28 percent.
As derived from the solid waste evaluation model discussed in Chap. 12, the equation
that estimates the annual waste generation per year per employee for this sector can
be calculated from the following:

Tons of solid waste generated per year = 7.14 × number of employees − 3.49
× solid waste disposal cost per ton
− 140.4 if the company is ISO 140001 certified
+ 371.1