Page 439 - Solid Waste Analysis and Minimization a Systems Approach

WASTE MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES 417

concentrate remain classified in the primary smelting, primary refining, or iron and steel
mill industries regardless of the form of their output. Establishments primarily engaged
in secondary smelting and/or secondary refining recover ferrous and nonferrous metals
from scrap and/or dross. The output of the secondary smelting and/or secondary refin-
ing industries is limited to shapes, such as ingot or billet, that will be further processed.
Recovery of metals from scrap often occurs in establishments that are primarily engaged
in activities such as rolling, drawing, extruding, or similar processes.
Excluded from the primary metal manufacturing subsector are establishments pri-
marily engaged in manufacturing ferrous and nonferrous forgings (except ferrous
forgings made in steel mills) and stampings. Although forging, stamping, and casting
are all methods used to make metal shapes, forging and stamping do not use molten
metals and are included in subsector 332, fabricated metal product manufacturing.
Establishments primarily engaged in operating coke ovens are classified in industry
32419, other petroleum and coal products manufacturing.
Industries in the fabricated metal product manufacturing subsector transform metal
into intermediate or end products, other than machinery, computers and electronics,
and metal furniture or treating metals and metal formed products fabricated elsewhere.
Important fabricated metal processes are forging, stamping, bending, forming, and
machining, used to shape individual pieces of metal; and other processes, such as
welding and assembling, used to join separate parts together. Establishments in this
subsector may use one of these processes or a combination of these processes.
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) structure for this sub-
sector distinguishes the forging and stamping processes in a single industry. The
remaining industries in the subsector group establishments based on similar combina-
tions of processes used to make products.
The manufacturing performed in the fabricated metal product manufacturing sub-
sector begins with manufactured metal shapes. The establishments in this sector fur-
ther fabricate the purchased metal shapes into a product. For instance, the spring and
wire product manufacturing industry starts with wire and fabricates such items.
Within manufacturing there are other establishments that make the same products
made by this subsector; only these establishments begin production further back in the
production process. These establishments have a more integrated operation. For
instance, one establishment may manufacture steel, draw it into wire, and make wire
products in the same establishment. Such operations are classified in the primary
metal manufacturing subsector.

32.2 Waste Management Goals

and Opportunities

The majority of solid waste generated by this sector is metals. Table 32.1 displays the
composition breakdown based on survey results.
Industries involved in the manufacture of metals generate a variety of wastes from
numerous processes and activities. All the steps of the manufacturing process including