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CHAPTER 9 • STRATEGY REVIEW, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL 299

Contingency Planning
A basic premise of good strategic management is that firms plan ways to deal with
unfavorable and favorable events before they occur. Too many organizations prepare con-
tingency plans just for unfavorable events; this is a mistake, because both minimizing
threats and capitalizing on opportunities can improve a firm’s competitive position.
Regardless of how carefully strategies are formulated, implemented, and evaluated,
unforeseen events, such as strikes, boycotts, natural disasters, arrival of foreign competitors,
and government actions, can make a strategy obsolete. To minimize the impact of potential
threats, organizations should develop contingency plans as part of their strategy-evaluation
process. Contingency plans can be defined as alternative plans that can be put into effect if
certain key events do not occur as expected. Only high-priority areas require the insurance of
contingency plans. Strategists cannot and should not try to cover all bases by planning for all
possible contingencies. But in any case, contingency plans should be as simple as possible.
Some contingency plans commonly established by firms include the following:
1. If a major competitor withdraws from particular markets as intelligence reports
indicate, what actions should our firm take?
2. If our sales objectives are not reached, what actions should our firm take to avoid
profit losses?
3. If demand for our new product exceeds plans, what actions should our firm take
to meet the higher demand?
4. If certain disasters occur—such as loss of computer capabilities; a hostile takeover
attempt; loss of patent protection; or destruction of manufacturing facilities because
of earthquakes, tornadoes or hurricanes—what actions should our firm take?
5. If a new technological advancement makes our new product obsolete sooner than
expected, what actions should our firm take?
Too many organizations discard alternative strategies not selected for implementation
although the work devoted to analyzing these options would render valuable information.
Alternative strategies not selected for implementation can serve as contingency plans in
case the strategy or strategies selected do not work. U.S. companies and governments are
increasingly considering nuclear-generated electricity as the most efficient means of power
generation. Many contingency plans certainly call for nuclear power rather than for coal-
and gas-derived electricity.
When strategy-evaluation activities reveal the need for a major change quickly, an
appropriate contingency plan can be executed in a timely way. Contingency plans can pro-
mote a strategist’s ability to respond quickly to key changes in the internal and external
bases of an organization’s current strategy. For example, if underlying assumptions about
the economy turn out to be wrong and contingency plans are ready, then managers can
make appropriate changes promptly.
In some cases, external or internal conditions present unexpected opportunities.
When such opportunities occur, contingency plans could allow an organization to quickly
capitalize on them. Linneman and Chandran reported that contingency planning gave
users, such as DuPont, Dow Chemical, Consolidated Foods, and Emerson Electric, three
major benefits: (1) It permitted quick response to change, (2) it prevented panic in crisis
situations, and (3) it made managers more adaptable by encouraging them to appreciate
just how variable the future can be. They suggested that effective contingency planning
involves a seven-step process:
1. Identify both beneficial and unfavorable events that could possibly derail the
strategy or strategies.
2. Specify trigger points. Calculate about when contingent events are likely to occur.
3. Assess the impact of each contingent event. Estimate the potential benefit or harm
of each contingent event.
4. Develop contingency plans. Be sure that contingency plans are compatible with
current strategy and are economically feasible.