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322 PART 5 • KEY STRATEGIC-MANAGEMENT TOPICS

AT&T Inc. in 2009 committed to spend $565 million over 10 years to replace its 7,100
passenger cars with 8,000 hybrid-electric and natural gas vans to perform its installation
and repair activities. The company is paying on average 29 percent more for these vehicles
than it would for gasoline-powered models, but this expense will be offset by lower fuel
costs, less emissions, and enhanced public image. The AT&T strategy will reduce carbon
emissions by 211,000 metric tons over 10 years. AT&T is working with natural gas
providers to build up to 40 fueling stations across its operating region. There are only about
110,000 natural gas vehicles in the United States compared to over 10 million such vehi-
cles worldwide. This bold move by AT&T expands on similar initiatives by United Parcel
Service and PG&E. 18

The March 2009 Copenhagen Meeting
More than 2,000 scientists convened together in Copenhagen in March 2009 and warned
the world that global warming is worse than expected. They strongly encouraged compa-
nies and governments to “vigorously” implement all economic and technological tools
available to cut emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases. By the end of this century,
scientists warn, sea levels will rise at least 20 inches and possibly as much as 39 inches
unless companies and governments implement policies to radically reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
The Kyoto Protocal expires in 2012, and the results of this March 2009 Copenhagen
Meeting are expected to replace that agreement. Near-coastal areas worldwide will be
under water by the end of this century if drastic actions are not implemented soon world-
wide to curb greenhouse gas emissions from companies, cars, trucks, power-generating
plants, and planes.
Table 10-1 reveals the impact that bad environmental policies have on two of nature’s
many ecosystems.

TABLE 10-1 Songbirds and Coral Reefs Need Help
Songbirds

Be a good steward of the natural environment to save our songbirds. Bluebirds are one of 76 songbird species in the United States
that have dramatically declined in numbers in the last two decades. Not all birds are considered songbirds, and why birds sing is not
clear. Some scientists say they sing when calling for mates or warning of danger, but many scientists now contend that birds sing for
sheer pleasure. Songbirds include chickadees, orioles, swallows, mockingbirds, warblers, sparrows, vireos, and the wood thrush.
“These birds are telling us there’s a problem, something’s out of balance in our environment,” says Jeff Wells, bird conservation
director for the National Audubon Society. Songbirds may be telling us that their air or water is too dirty or that we are destroying
too much of their habitat. People collect Picasso paintings and save historic buildings. “Songbirds are part of our natural heritage.
Why should we be willing to watch songbirds destroyed any more than allowing a great work of art to be destroyed?” asks Wells.
Whatever message songbirds are singing to us today about their natural environment, the message is becoming less and less heard
nationwide. Listen when you go outside today. Each of us as individuals, companies, states, and countries should do what we
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reasonably can to help improve the natural environment for songbirds. A recent study concludes that 67 of the 800 bird species in
the United States are endangered, and another 184 species are designated of “conservation concern.” The birds of Hawaii are in the
greatest peril.

Coral Reefs
Be a good steward of the natural environment to save our coral reefs. The ocean covers more than 71 percent of the earth. The
destructive effect of commercial fishing on ocean habitats coupled with increasing pollution runoff into the ocean and global warm-
ing of the ocean have decimated fisheries, marine life, and coral reefs around the world. The unfortunate consequence of fishing over
the last century has been overfishing, with the principal reasons being politics and greed. Trawl fishing with nets destroys coral reefs
and has been compared to catching squirrels by cutting down forests because bottom nets scour and destroy vast areas of the ocean.
The great proportion of marine life caught in a trawl is “by-catch” juvenile fish and other life that are killed and discarded. Warming
of the ocean due to carbon dioxide emissions also kills thousands of acres of coral reefs annually. The total area of fully protected
marine habitats in the United States is only about 50 square miles, compared to some 93 million acres of national wildlife refuges
and national parks on the nation’s land. A healthy ocean is vital to the economic and social future of the nation—and, indeed, all
countries of the world. Everything we do on land ends up in the ocean, so we all must become better stewards of this last frontier on
earth in order to sustain human survival and the quality of life. 20