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318 PART 5 • KEY STRATEGIC-MANAGEMENT TOPICS

Wal-Mart also now encourages and expects its 1.35 million U.S. employees to adopt
what it calls Personal Sustainability Projects, which include such measures as organizing
weight-loss or smoking-cessation support groups, biking to work, or starting recycling
programs. Employee wellness can be a part of sustainability.
Wal-Mart is installing solar panels on its stores in California and Hawaii, providing as
much as 30 percent of the power in some stores. Wal-Mart may go national with solar
power if this test works well. Also moving to solar energy is department-store chain Kohl’s
Corp., which is converting 64 of its 80 California stores to using solar power. There are big
subsidies for solar installations in some states.
Home Depot, the world’s second largest retailer behind Wal-Mart, recently more than
doubled its offering of environmentally friendly products such as all-natural insect repel-
lent. Home Depot has made it much easier for consumers to find its organic products by
using special labels similar to Timberland’s (the outdoor company) Green Index tags.
Another huge retailer, Target, now offers more than 500 choices of organic certified food
and has 18 buildings in California alone powered only by solar energy. The largest solar
power plant in North America is the one in Nevada that powers Nellis Air Force Base
outside Las Vegas. 11
Managers and employees of firms must be careful not to become scapegoats blamed
for company environmental wrongdoings. Harming the natural environment can be uneth-
ical, illegal, and costly. When organizations today face criminal charges for polluting the
environment, they increasingly turn on their managers and employees to win leniency.
Employee firings and demotions are becoming common in pollution-related legal suits.
Managers were fired at Darling International, Inc., and Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation for being indirectly responsible for their firms polluting water. Managers and
employees today must be careful not to ignore, conceal, or disregard a pollution problem,
or they may find themselves personally liable.

Lack of Standards Changing
A few years ago, firms could get away with placing “green” terminology on their prod-
ucts and labels using such terms as organic, green, safe, earth-friendly, nontoxic, and/or
natural because there were no legal or generally accepted definitions. Today, however,
such terms as these carry much more specific connotations and expectations. Uniform
standards defining environmentally responsible company actions are rapidly being
incorporated into our legal landscape. It has become more and more difficult for firms
to make “green” claims when their actions are not substantive, comprehensive, or
even true. Lack of standards once made consumers cynical about corporate environ-
mental claims, but those claims today are increasingly being challenged in courts.
Joel Makower says, “One of the main reasons to truly become a green firm is for your
employees. They’re the first group that needs assurance than any claims you make hold
water.” 12
Around the world, political and corporate leaders now realize that the “business
green” topic will not go away and in fact is gaining ground rapidly. Strategically, compa-
nies more than ever must demonstrate to their customers and stakeholders that their
green efforts are substantive and set the firm apart from competitors. A firm’s perfor-
mance facts and figures must back up their rhetoric and be consistent with sustainability
standards.
Obama Regulations
The Obama administration is imposing strict regulations requiring firms to conserve
energy. Federal government buildings are being refitted with energy-efficient improve-
ments. Alternative-energy firms are busy with new customers every day as the federal
stimulus package includes adding alternative-energy infrastructure. Venture capitalists and
lenders are funding new “clean technology” business start-ups, including solar power,
wind power, biofuels, and insulation firms. Such firms are boosting marketing efforts,
expanding geographically, and hiring more staff. Venture capital investments in clean tech-
nology companies totaled $8.4 billion in 2008, up nearly 40 percent from 2007.