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272 Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook

energy was to come from renewable and local sources, with the desire to
decrease energy flowing into and out of the district as much as possible,
i.e., “close the loop.” The Stockholm municipality connected the Stockholm
energy, water, and waste infrastructure companies to work together to help
develop this sustainable district, instead of working individually in their
respective fields, considered the status quo for similar projects in large cities.
In 1997 an outline for the future sustainable development was agreed upon by
these companies and the Stockholm municipality and is now known as the
Hammarby Model; this outlines an “integrated infrastructural system”
connecting energy and material flows and usages throughout the local infra-
structure in the hopes of “closing the loop” while providing energy, water, and
waste and sewage services for residential housing and offices. The model
called for the usage of technology already in use in Stockholm, such as CHP
and district heating, and newer technologies such as a local wastewater
treatment plant the waste of which could be used as fertilizer or converted to
biogas and PV cells and solar collectors, stressing interactions between
technologies to “close the loop.” (The potential of a closed infrastructural
system of Hammarby Sjo ¨stad in Stockholm, Sweden.) Although this model
was not technically perfect, it proved to be essential for the project success and
has been examined and used in other sustainable urban development projects,
such as the Caofeidian Ecocity development in China (Iveroth et al., 2013,
2012)(Fig. 14.11).

FIGURE 14.11 The Hammarby model (Hammarby Sjostad).