Page 575 - Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook

544 Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook

second scenario, although many electric utility companies welcome feeding
excess electrical energy back into the grid, they do not compensate the pro-
ducers for the surplus electricity they send back into the grid. This discourages
consumers from fully utilizing all spaces to install RES, and can even encourage
consumers to waste energy to avoid giving it free to utility companies. There-
fore, it is critical that a detailed understanding of the campus’ energy demand is
developed. By doing so, the correct sized RES can be identified and installed.
To understand the current energy demand and consumption of LACC,
energy bills between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008, were collected
and summarized and are shown in Table 27.4. In 2007 LACC spent just over
$800,000 purchasing over 7,920,000 kWh of electricity from LADWP.
Additional data for energy consumption by specific areas and buildings on
campus were unavailable because LACC has only one electric meter.
The electrical energy consumption and demand were analyzed by collecting
15-min-interval utility energy consumption data and compiled to produce an
average hourly energy demand profile for 2007 as shown in Fig. 27.2.Asex-
pected, the average hourly energy demand reached a peak of just under
1180 kW at noon each day, whereas the average daily minimum energy demand
of City College was approximately 540 kW. A sudden spike in energy demand
is observed at approximately 6 a.m. each day, and can be attributed to the start-
up of campus equipment in preparation for daily operation.
A second graph was developed to identify how LACC’s energy demand and
consumption patterns fluctuated during the course of a year. These are summa-
rized in Fig. 27.3. As expected, the electrical energy consumption reached a peak
in July, with over 730,000 kWh used that month. This is likely due to the increased
electricity needed to operate air conditioning during the summer months. The
LACC electrical energy demand reached a maximum in August, drawing
2081 kW, although the demand in July was almost the same, at 2071 kW. The
2007 electrical energy demand of LACC ranged between 1447 and 2081 kW.

City College Campus Growth and Demand Side Management
Like other tertiary institutions, LACC is expected to grow and expand. This
includes hiring more faculty and staff, enrolling more students, and retrofitting
and constructing buildings. In support of this, since 2007, the LACCD has
implemented two major programs that will significantly alter each campus’
current hourly demand and consumption profiles. The first program consists of
construction bond measures A/AA/J that are responsible for both campus
retrofits and significant build out. From these measures, LACC is expected to
construct seven new buildings and retrofit another eight. These projects will
increase the total available building area of LACC from its current total of
2
2
721,609 ft to 1,042,470 ft , an increase of over 44%. Once these building
projects are completed, the electrical energy demand of the campus will also
likely increase. However, it is uncertain exactly how much the energy con-
sumption and demand will increase by, making it difficult to account for when