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Highlighting positive  aspects of risky decisions   increases risk aversion  Gain-framed appeals   (positive aspects of   compliance) are less   persuasive than loss- framed appeals (negative   noncompliance),   multiple diseases  Gain-framed appeals are   more persuasive than   loss-framed appeals,   multiple diseases




                     Comment  (same)             aspects of   (same)     (same)







                  SD or    (95% CI)  0.53  (−0.07 – −0.01)  (−0.09 – 0.01)  (.01 – .06)  (0.03 – 0.13)



                  Effect    Size  r = .16  d = .31  (r = .153)  r = −.04  r = −.04  r = .03  r = .08



                     Samples


                        28   230     53                  18   93         32
                     Observations  30,000




                        4,666        9,145                    21,656


                             Gain vs. loss    framing on risky   Gain vs. loss    framing on    disease detection   Gain vs. loss    framing on disease   prevention


                     Topic  (same)  decisions  behaviors              behaviors



               (Continued)  Education & Behavior, 2000  Kühberger, Organizational  Behavior and Human Decision   O’Keefe & Jensen, Journal of   Gallagher & Updegraff, Annals  (same) of Behavioral Medicine, 2012 O’Keefe and Jensen, Journal of  Health Communication, 2007  Gallagher & Updegraff, Annals  (same) of Behavioral Medicine, 2012





               table 8.3      Source  Witte & Allen, Health    Processes, 1998  Communication, 2009





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