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Q2-3 What Are the Four Primary Purposes of Collaboration?

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and Data

Starting Phase

The fundamental purpose of the starting phase is to set the ground rules for the project and the
team. In industry, teams need to determine or understand what authority they have. Is the project
given to the team? Or is part of the team’s task to identify what the project is? Is the team free to
determine team membership, or is membership given? Can the team devise its own methods for
accomplishing the project, or is a particular method required? Student teams differ from those
in industry because the team’s authority and membership are set by the instructor. However,
although student teams do not have the authority to define the project, they do have the authority
to determine how that project will be accomplished.
Other tasks during the starting phase are to set the scope of the project and to establish an
initial budget. Often this budget is preliminary and is revised after the project has been planned.
An initial team is formed during this phase with the understanding that team membership may
change as the project progresses. It is important to set team member expectations at the outset.
What role will each team member play, and what responsibilities and authority will he or she
have? Team rules are also established as discussed under decision making.

Planning Phase
The purpose of the planning phase is to determine “who will do what and by when.” Work
activities are defined, and resources such as personnel, budget, and equipment are assigned to
them. As you’ll learn when we discuss project management in Chapter 12, tasks can depend
on one another. For example, you cannot evaluate alternatives until you have created a list of
alternatives to evaluate. In this case, we say that there is a task dependency between the task Evalu-
ate alternatives and the task Create a list of alternatives. The Evaluate alternatives task cannot begin
until the completion of the Create a list of alternatives task.
Once tasks and resources have been assigned, it is possible to determine the project schedule.
If the schedule is unacceptable, more resources can be added to the project or the project scope can
be reduced. Risks and complications arise here, however, as will be discussed in Chapter 12. The
project budget is usually revised at this point as well.