Page 291 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
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262 Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
TABLE 9.4
Concentrations of 21 PAH Compounds from the Gaseous
Phase and Particulate Phase in Incinerator Flue Gas
Compound Gaseous phase Particulate phase Total
3
3
3
(µµg/nm ) (µµg/nm ) (µµg/nm )
Naphthalene 1086 3.61 1090
Acenaphthylene 111 0.689 112
Acenaphthene 3.96 0.228 4.19
Fluorene 4.39 0.079 4.47
Phenanthrene 25.0 0.203 25.4
Anthracene 23.7 0.66 24.4
Fluoranthene 3.77 0.53 4.27
Pyrene 1.42 1.29 2.71
Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene 0.003 0.006 0.009
Benz[a]anthracene 0.402 4.65 5.05
Chrysene 0.075 0.544 0.618
Benzo[b]fluoranthene 0.070 0.920 0.989
Benzo[k]fluoranthene 0.170 1.47 1.64
Benzo[e]pyrene 0.684 3.03 3.71
Benzo[a]pyrene 0.754 2.53 3.28
Perylene 0.944 1.85 2.79
Ideno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene 0.024 0.055 0.79
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 0.306 1.24 1.54
Benzo[b]chrycene 0.069 0.163 0.232
Benzo[ghi]perylene 0.119 0.991 1.11
Coronene 0.461 2.35 2.81
Total PAHs 1260 27.1 1290
Source: Lee, W.J. et al., Atmos. Environ., 36, 781–790, 2002. Reproduced with kind
permission from Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Cadmium is another toxic metal that may be volatilized and therefore mobilized in a mass-burn
incinerator. In a study by Zhang et al. (2001), average Cd losses from a laboratory-scale system
combusting assorted waste types were 69 and 74% at 850 and 1000°C, respectively. Twenty other
o
metals were additionally lost to the atmosphere. At 500 C, Sn was emitted; at 850°C K, Mg, Na,
Bi, Cr, Ge, Li, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn were lost, and nine more metals, Al, Be, Cs, Nb, Sb, Sr, Th, Y,
and Zr were lost at 1000°C. It was speculated that the released metals were transferred to the com-
bustion flue gas mainly in the forms of metallic chloride compounds, e.g., CdCl , SnCl , SnCl ,
2 4 2
ZnCl , and PbCl . No significant losses for Ca, Fe, Ag, Ba, Co, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sc,
2 2
Ta, Ti, U, V, and W were reported. Transformations of inorganic substances during MSW combus-
tion are depicted in Figure 9.8.
Several studies have been conducted on the effects of atmospheric emissions from MSW incin-
erators on local soils and plants. For example, Kukkonen and Raunemma (1984) found that the con-
centrations of Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, and Zn on birch leaf samples showed a strong
inverse correlation with distance from a MSW incinerator in Finland. Fewer elements showed this
relationship when grass was sampled.
9.4.8 AESTHETICS
Noise is inevitable during MSW incineration. Waste collection vehicles, processing equipment, the
combustion process itself, air pollution control (e.g., operation of pumps), and production of steam