Page 7 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

Contents
Area and Volume of Reservoirs
PREFACE
2.6
XVII
Management of Catchment Areas
2.7
XIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
2.7.2
Lowland Areas
32
2.7.3
Quality Control
1
Introduction to Water Systems
1
2.7.4
Swamp Drainage
2.8 2.7.1 Upland Areas 32 32 32 31 32
33
Reservoir Siting
1.1 Components of Water Systems 2 2.9 Reservoir Management 33
1.2 Required Capacity 2 2.9.1 Quality Control 34
1.3 Sources of Water Supply 3 2.9.2 Evaporation Control 34
1.4 Rainwater 4 2.10 Dams and Dikes 34
1.5 Surface Water 5 2.10.1 Embankment Dams 34
1.5.1 Continuous Draft 5 2.10.2 Masonry Dams 35
1.5.2 Selective Draft 5 2.11 Spillways 36
1.5.3 Impoundage 5 2.12 Intakes 37
1.6 Groundwater 6 2.12.1 River Intakes 37
1.6.1 Springs 8 2.12.2 Lake and Reservoir Intakes 37
1.6.2 Wells 8 2.12.3 Submerged and Exposed
1.6.3 Infiltration Galleries 8 Intakes 38
1.6.4 Recharging Devices 9 2.12.4 Intake Velocities and Depths 38
1.7 Purification Works 9 2.12.5 Intake Conduits and Pumping
1.8 Transmission Works 12 Stations 38
1.9 Distribution Works 12 2.13 Diversion Works 38
1.9.1 High and Low Services 14 2.14 Collection of Rainwater 39
1.9.2 Fire Supplies 14 Problems/Questions 41
1.9.3 Pressures 15 References 42
1.9.4 Capacity 15
1.9.5 Service to Premises 15
1.10 Water Systems Management 15
3 Water Sources: Groundwater 45
1.10.1 Municipal Supplies 15
1.10.2 Individual Small Supplies 16
1.11 Individual Water Systems 17 3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity 45
Problems/Questions 18 3.2 Permeability 47
References 19 3.3 Groundwater Geology 47
3.4 Groundwater Situation in The United
States 48
2 Water Sources: Surface Water 21 3.5 Types of Aquifers 48
3.6 Groundwater Movement 49
3.7 Darcy’s Law 49
2.1 Sources of Surface Water 21
3.8 Aquifer Characteristics 50
2.2 Safe Yield of Streams 24
3.9 Well Hydraulics 52
2.3 Storage as a Function of Draft and
3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow 52
Runoff 24
3.10.1 Confined Aquifers 52
2.4 Design Storage 25
3.10.2 Semilogarithmic
2.5 Loss by Evaporation, Seepage, and
Approximation 56
Silting 27
3.10.3 Recovery Method 58
2.5.1 Water-Surface Response 27
3.10.4 Unconfined Aquifers 59
2.5.2 Seepage 29
3.10.5 Leaky Aquifers 59
2.5.3 Silting 29
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