Page 11 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

321
Public Health Issues and Drinking
10.3
Water Treatment
Methods of Examination
10.17
298
321
Standard Tests
10.18
10.4
322
Physical Characteristics and
10.19
Constituents
322
Expression of Analytical Results
10.20
Tapping a Source of Water
322
Color
10.4.1
Turbidity and Particle
Problems/Questions
323
10.4.2
323
Count
300
References
10.4.3
Taste and Odor
301
10.4.4
Temperature
10.4.5
Water Treatment Systems
Foamability
325
10.5
Chemical Characteristics and
Constituents 300 300 301 301 11 10.16 Objectives of Water Examination Contents ix
301
11.1 Purpose of Water Treatment 325
10.5.1 Metals 302
11.2 Treatment of Raw Water 325
10.5.2 Anions 303
11.3 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 328
10.5.3 Alkalinity and pH 304
11.4 Gas Transfer 330
10.5.4 Hardness, Calcium and
11.5 Ion Transfer 330
Magnesium, Carbonate and
11.5.1 Chemical Coagulation 330
Bicarbonate 304
11.5.2 Chemical Precipitation 331
10.5.5 Total Dissolved Solids and
11.5.3 Ion Exchange 331
Conductivity 305
11.5.4 Adsorption 332
10.5.6 Dissolved Oxygen 305
11.6 Solute Stabilization 333
10.5.7 Pesticides 305
11.7 Solids Transfer 333
10.5.8 PCBs, CFCs, and Dioxin 305
11.7.1 Straining 333
10.5.9 Asbestos 306
11.7.2 Sedimentation 333
10.5.10 Residual Disinfectants 306
11.7.3 Flotation 334
10.5.11 Disinfectant By-products 306
11.7.4 Filtration 337
10.5.12 Other Organic and
11.8 Nutrient or Molecular Transfer and
Inorganic Contaminants 306
Interfacial Contact 338
10.6 Biological Characteristics and
11.9 Disinfection 339
Constituents 307
11.10 Miscellaneous Operations/Processes 340
10.6.1 Bacteria 307
11.11 Coordination of Unit
10.6.2 Protozoa (Including
Operations/Processes 340
Cryptosporidium and
11.12 Selection of Water Treatment
Giardia lamblia) 307
Technologies 341
10.6.3 Worms 308
11.12.1 Treated Water
10.6.4 Viruses, Fungi, and Algae 308
Requirements and Influent
10.6.5 Coliform Indicator
Characteristics 341
Parameter 308
11.12.2 Existing System
10.6.6 Heterotrophic Plate Count
Configuration 341
(HPC) 309
11.12.3 Water Treatment Costs 341
10.6.7 Infections from
11.12.4 Operation Requirements 341
Water-Related Sources 310
11.12.5 Pretreatment and
10.6.8 Reduction of Infections by
Posttreatment Processes 341
Water Quality
11.12.6 Waste Management 342
Management 310
11.12.7 Future Service Area Needs 342
10.7 Radiological Characteristics and
11.13 Control of Turbidity, Color, and
Constituents 310
Biological Contamination 342
10.8 Drinking Water Quality Standards 311
11.14 Organic Contaminant Removal 343
10.9 Industrial Water Quality Standards 313
11.15 Inorganic Contaminant Removal and
10.10 Bathing Waters 317
Control 345
10.11 Fishing and Shellfish Waters 317
11.15.1 Corrosion Controls 345
10.12 Irrigation Waters 319
11.15.2 Inorganic Contaminant
10.13 Quality of Water from Various
Removal 345
Sources 319
11.15.3 Radionuclides Removal
10.14 Good Quality Water 320
and Risk Control 345
10.15 Self-Purification and Storage 320