Page 14 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

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Contents
16.9
522
498
Bed Depth
16.9.1
of Package Plants
16.9.2
524
Underdrainage Systems
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
16.9.3
Scour Intensification
Process Description
17.5.1
524
503
17.5.2
Operation and Maintenance
Washwater Troughs
16.9.4
Filter and Conduit
17.6
Cartridge Filtration
526
16.9.5
Dimensions
17.6.1
Cartridge Filtration
Filter Appurtenances and Rate
526
Applications
16.10
Control
Operation and Maintenance
17.6.2
526
of Cartridge Filtration
Length of Filter Run
506
16.11
527
16.12
507
Filter Troubles
17.7
Membrane Filtration
Plant Performance
Process Description
527
16.13 Filter Design 505 498 508 505 503 500 17.5 17.4.7 General System Performance 525
17.7.1
16.13.1 Bacterial Efficiency 508 17.7.2 System Design
16.13.2 Removal of Color, Considerations 527
Turbidity, and Iron 509 17.7.3 Operation of Membrane
16.13.3 Removal of Large Filtration 531
Organisms 509 17.7.4 Maintenance of Membrane
16.13.4 Oxidation of Organic Filtration Systems 537
Matter 509 17.7.5 Membrane Filtration
Problems/Questions 509 Applications 538
References 510 17.7.6 System Performance of
Membrane Filtration 539
17.7.7 Potential Problems of
17 Alternative and Membrane Membrane Filtration 540
Filtration Technologies 513 17.8 Selecting the Appropriate Filtration
Treatment System 540
17.8.1 Steps in an Evaluation 540
17.1 Introduction of Filtration
17.8.2 Need for Pilot Studies 540
Technologies 513
17.8.3 Flocculation, Sedimentation,
17.1.1 Filtration Overview 513
and Flotation Studies 541
17.1.2 Filtration Applications 513
17.8.4 Filtration Studies 541
17.2 Direct Filtration 514
Problems/Questions 541
17.2.1 Process Description 514
References 542
17.2.2 System Performance 516
17.3 Slow Sand Filtration 516
17.3.1 Process Description 516 18 Disinfection and Disinfection By-products
17.3.2 System Performance 516 Control 545
17.3.3 System Design
Considerations 517
18.1 Purpose of Disinfection 545
17.3.4 Operation and
18.2 Pathogens, Disinfection, and
Maintenance 518
Disinfectants 545
17.4 Package Plant Filtration 518
18.3 Disinfection by Heat 546
17.4.1 General Process
18.4 Disinfection by Ultraviolet Light 546
Description 518
18.5 Disinfection by Chemicals 546
17.4.2 Conventional Filtration
18.5.1 Oxidizing Chemicals 546
Package Plants 519
18.5.2 Metal Ions 547
17.4.3 Tube-Type Clarifier
18.5.3 Alkalis and Acids 547
Package Plants 519
18.5.4 Surface-Active Chemicals 547
17.4.4 Adsorption Clarifier-Filter
18.5.5 Advanced Oxidation
Package Plant 519
Processes 547
17.4.5 Dissolved Air
18.6 Theory of Chemical Disinfection 548
Flotation-Filtration
18.7 Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection 549
Package Plant 520
18.7.1 Time of Contact 549
17.4.6 Operation and Maintenance
18.7.2 Concentration of
of Package Plants 522
Disinfectant 551