Page 15 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

Contents
Disinfection
Maintenance
Considerations
Ct Values for Disinfection
577
18.7.4
18.21.8
Operation and Maintenance
Process Control
of UV Lamps
Disinfection by Ozone
578
554
18.8
18.21.9
Operation and Maintenance
Disinfection by Chlorine
18.9
556
of the Reactor
Free Available Chlorine and Free
578
18.10
Recent Developments in Disinfection
556
Chlorination
Combined Available Chlorine and
Management—Log Removal/
18.11
Inactivation Credits of Drinking
558
Chloramination
18.12
Breakpoint Reactions of Ammonia
Water Treatment Processes
582
Introduction
18.22.1
18.13 18.7.3 Temperature of 551 552 559 18.22 18.21.7 UV System Operating and xiii
582
Dechlorination
559
18.14 Disinfection by-Products 560 18.22.2 Surface Water Treatment
18.14.1 Formation of Disinfection Rule and Long Term 2
By-products 560 Enhanced Surface Water
18.14.2 Strategies for Controlling Treatment Rule 582
Disinfection By-products 560 18.22.3 Ground Water Rule and
18.15 Chemical Technology of Total Coliform Rule 588
Disinfection 562 Problems/Questons 589
18.16 Operational Technology of References 591
Chlorination 562
18.16.1 Water Chlorination
Applications 564 19 Chemical Precipitation and Water
18.16.2 Additional Chlorination Softening 593
Applications 566
18.16.3 Manageable Variables in
19.1 Chemical Precipitation 593
Halogenation 566
19.2 Description of Precipitation Process 593
18.17 Operational Technology of Sodium
19.2.1 Metals Removal 593
Hypochlorination 567
19.2.2 Removal of Fats, Oils, and
18.17.1 Equipment Costs 567
Greases 594
18.17.2 Operating and Maintenance
19.2.3 Phosphorus Removal 594
Costs 567
19.2.4 Removal of Suspended
18.17.3 Chemical Costs 568
Solids 595
18.18 Operational Technology of Calcium
19.2.5 Additional Considerations 595
Hypochlorination 570
19.3 Applicability 596
18.19 Operational Technology of Chlorine
19.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 596
Dioxide Disinfection 570
19.5 Design Criteria 596
18.20 Operational Technology of
19.6 Performance—Jar Testing 597
Ozonation 571
19.7 Operation and Maintenance 597
18.20.1 Process Description 572
19.8 Costs 598
18.20.2 System Design
19.9 Precipitation of Hardness and
Considerations 573
Carbonates—Water Softening 598
18.21 Operational Technology of UV
19.10 Recarbonation After Water Softening 602
Disinfection 574
19.11 Recovering Lime After Water
18.21.1 UV Disinfection System
Softening 602
Design Considerations 574
Problems/Questions 603
18.21.2 UV Lamp Designs 575
References 603
18.21.3 Factors Affecting the
Design of the UV
Disinfection System 576
20 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 605
18.21.4 UV Transmittance 577
18.21.5 UV Equipment
Configuration 577 20.1 Adsorption Processes 605
18.21.6 UV Lamp Age and Quartz 20.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibria 605
Sleeve Fouling 577 20.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics 605