Page 13 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

xi
423
451
Influencing Factors
14.5
Upflow Clarification
14.5.1
General Dimensions of Settling
15.7
Alkalinity and pH
Tanks
14.5.2
455
Sludge Removal
15.8
Coagulant Dosage and pH
456
14.5.3
15.9
14.5.4
Zeta Potential
424
456
Inlet Hydraulics
459
15.10
Outlet Hydraulics
Affinity of Colloids for Water
14.5.5
425
Anions in Solution
15.11
Sedimentation Tank Loading,
14.5.6
14.5.7
459
Detention, And Performance
425
Cations in Solution
425
14.5.8
Temperature
14.6
Performance
Coagulants
459
425
15.11.2
Regulations and Standards
426
Aluminum Salts
14.6.1
427
15.12
14.6.2 Colloid Concentration 423 423 423 424 15.6 15.11.1 Sedimentation Tank Contents 460
Shallow Depth Settlers
462
Iron Salts
14.6.3 Sodium Aluminate 430 15.12.1 Theory of Shallow Depth
14.6.4 Magnesium Coagulant 430 Settling 462
14.6.5 Polymeric Inorganic Salts 430 15.12.2 Tube Settlers 463
14.6.6 Organic Polymers 431 15.12.3 Lamella Separator 464
14.6.7 Coagulant Aids 432 15.13 Gravity Thickening of Sludge 464
14.7 Coagulation Control 432 15.14 Natural Flotation 467
14.7.1 Jar Test 433 15.15 Dissolved Air Flotation Process 468
14.7.2 Zetameter 433 15.15.1 Process Description 468
14.7.3 Streaming Current Detector 434 15.15.2 Process Configurations 468
14.7.4 Colloid Titration for 15.15.3 Factors Affecting
Polyelectrolyte Determination Dissolved Air Flotation 469
and Coagulation Control 434 15.15.4 Dissolved Air Flotation
Problems/Questions 435 Theory 469
Special Reference 436 15.15.5 Flotation Design,
References 436 Operation, and
Performance 474
15.15.6 Municipal Potable Water
15 Screening, Sedimentation, and Plants 475
Flotation 439 Problems/Questions 480
References 482
15.1 Treatment Objectives 439
15.2 Screening 439
15.3 Sedimentation 439
16 Conventional Filtration 485
15.4 Types of Sedimentation 439
15.4.1 Settling Velocities of Discrete
Particles—Class 1 16.1 Granular Water Filters 485
Clarification 440 16.2 Granular Wastewater Filters 487
15.4.2 Hindered Settling of Discrete 16.3 Granular Filtering Materials 488
Particles—Class 2 16.3.1 Grain Size and Size
Clarification 443 Distribution 488
15.4.3 Settling of Flocculent 16.3.2 Grain Shape and Shape
Suspensions—Zone Settling 445 Variation 489
15.4.4 Compression Settling 446 16.4 Preparation of Filter Sand 490
15.5 Settling Basins 447 16.5 Hydraulics of Filtration 491
15.5.1 Efficiency of Ideal Settling 16.5.1 Hydraulics of Stratified
Basins 447 Beds 492
15.5.2 Reduction in Settling 16.5.2 Hydraulics of Unstratified
Efficiency by Currents 448 Beds 493
15.5.3 Short-Circuiting and Basin 16.6 Hydraulics of Fluidized Beds—Filter
Stability 449 Backwashing 494
15.5.4 Scour of Bottom Deposits 450 16.7 Removal of Impurities 497
15.5.5 Elements of Tank Design 451 16.8 Kinetics of Filtration 497