Page 9 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

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Contents
160
5.8.6
Line Killed When Struck by a
5.8.7
Leakage
Backhoe Bucket
160
199
Appurtenances
5.9
Gate Valves
6.8.3
Welder Killed Following a
5.9.1
Blowoffs
162
5.9.2
100 ft (30 m) Fall from a Water
201
Tower
5.9.3
Air Valves
162
Check Valves
162
5.9.4
Practical Design and Analysis of Water
Distribution Systems
162
202
5.9.5
Pressure-Reducing Valves
5.9.6
6.9.1
Minimum Design Period
Pressure-Sustaining Valves
163
5.9.7
202
Requirements
Pressure Breaker Valves
Flow Control Valves
202
6.9.2
5.9.8
Water Pressure Requirements
5.9.9 Maintenance 160 160 163 163 163 6.9 6.8.2 Plumber Repairing a Water 202
Throttle Control Valves
6.9.3
Minimum Size Requirements
5.9.10 Manholes 163 6.9.4 Velocity Requirements 203
5.9.11 Insulation Joints 163 6.9.5 Pipes and Valves Spacing
5.9.12 Expansion Joints 163 Requirements 203
5.9.13 Anchorages 163 6.9.6 Hydrant Spacing, Location,
5.9.14 Other Appurtenances 163 and Fire Flow Requirements 203
5.10 Additional Hydraulics Topics 164 6.9.7 Air Relief Valve Requirements 203
5.10.1 Measurement of Fluid Flow 6.9.8 Depth of Cover Requirements 203
and Hydraulic Coefficients 164 6.9.9 Separation of Water Mains
5.10.2 Forces Developed by Moving from Sources of
Fluids 166 Contamination 203
5.10.3 Impulse–Momentum 6.9.10 Head Loss of Water System
Principles 169 Fittings 204
5.10.4 Drag and Lift Forces 171 Problems/Questions 205
Problems/Questions 172 References 210
References 178
6 Water Distribution Systems: Components, 7 Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and
Design, and Operation 181 Computer Applications 213
6.1 Distribution Systems 181 7.1 Watergems Software 213
6.1.1 One- and Two-Directional 7.2 Water Demand Patterns 213
Flow 181 7.3 Energy Losses and Gains 214
6.1.2 Distribution Patterns 181 7.4 Pipe Networks 215
6.1.3 Pipe Grids 181 7.4.1 Conservation of Mass 215
6.1.4 High and Low Services 181 7.4.2 Conservation of Energy 215
6.1.5 Service to Premises 182 7.5 Network Analysis 216
6.2 System Components 183 7.5.1 Steady-State Network
6.3 System Capacity 185 Hydraulics 216
6.4 System Pressure 185 7.5.2 Extended-Period Simulation 216
6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems 186 7.6 Water Quality Modeling 216
6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks 187 7.6.1 Age Modeling 216
6.6.1 Sectioning 187 7.6.2 Trace Modeling 217
6.6.2 Relaxation (Hardy Cross) 190 7.6.3 Constituents Modeling 217
6.6.3 Pipe Equivalence 194 7.6.4 Initial Conditions 217
6.6.4 Computer Programming 197 7.6.5 Numerical Methods 217
6.7 Industrial Water Systems 197 7.6.6 Discrete Volume Method 217
6.8 Management, Operation, and 7.6.7 Time-Driven Method 218
Maintenance of Distribution Systems 197 7.7 Automated Optimization 218
6.8.1 General Maintenance Person 7.7.1 Model Calibration 218
Asphyxiated While Attempting 7.7.2 System Design 219
to Repair Water Leak 198