Page 8 - Water Engineering Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

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Contents
87
Quantities of Water Demand
3.11
Prediction of Drawdown
3.11.1
60
Variable Discharge
61
3.11.2
87
Design Period
61
Intermittent Discharge
3.11.3
Design Population
4.2
Multiple-Well Systems
3.12
63
3.13
Aquifer Boundaries
67
Population Growth
4.2.2
Recharge Boundaries
3.13.1
4.2.3
Short-Term Population Estimates
3.13.2
Location of Aquifer
4.2.4
Long-Range Population Forecasts
91
Boundaries
69
4.2.5
Simplified Method for Population
3.14
70
Characteristics of Wells
Forecasts
92
Specific Capacity of a Well
3.14.1
Population Distribution and Area
4.2.6
3.14.2 Constant Discharge 60 70 67 70 4 4.1 4.2.1 Population Data 88 88 88 90
Partial Penetration
Density 92
3.14.3 Effective Well Radius 70
4.3 Water Consumption 92
3.14.4 Measurement of Well
4.3.1 Domestic Consumption 93
Characteristics 71
4.3.2 General Urban Water Demands 94
3.15 Yield of a Well 71
4.3.3 Industrial Water Consumption 95
3.15.1 Maximum Available
4.3.4 Rural Water Consumption 96
Drawdown 71
4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand 96
3.15.2 Specific Capacity–Drawdown
4.4.1 Domestic Variations 97
Curve 72
4.4.2 Fire Demands 98
3.15.3 Maximum Yield 72
4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of
3.16 Well Design 73
Buildings 104
3.17 Well Construction 74
Problems/Questions 106
3.17.1 Dug Wells 75
References 106
3.17.2 Driven and Jetted Wells 75
3.17.3 Bored Wells 75
3.17.4 Drilled Wells 75
5 Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and
3.17.5 Collector Wells 75
Appurtenances 109
3.17.6 Pumps 75
3.17.7 Development 76
3.17.8 Testing 76 5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water
3.17.9 Sanitary Protection of Wells 76 Transmission 109
3.17.10 Maintenance 76 5.1.1 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 109
3.18 Evaluation of Aquifer Behavior 77 5.1.2 Transmission Systems 120
3.18.1 Hydrologic Equation 77 5.2 Fluid Transport 121
3.18.2 Safe Yield of an Aquifer 77 5.2.1 Rational Equation for Surface
3.18.3 Water Budget (Hydrologic Resistance 121
Budget) 77 5.2.2 Exponential Equation for Surface
3.19 Groundwater Quality Management 78 Resistance 134
3.19.1 Biological Contamination 78 5.2.3 Form Resistance 145
3.19.2 Subsurface Disposal of 5.2.4 Hydraulic Transients 152
Liquid Wastes 79 5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits 152
3.20 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence 5.4 Multiple Lines 154
of Surface Water 79 5.5 Cross-Sections 155
3.20.1 GWUDI Determination: 5.6 Structural Requirements 155
Source Screening Phase 79 5.7 Location 156
3.20.2 GWUDI Determination: 5.7.1 Line and Grade 156
Detailed Evaluation Phase 81 5.7.2 Vertical and Horizontal Curves 157
3.20.3 Hydrogeologic Assessment 81 5.7.3 Depth of Cover 157
3.20.4 Water Quality Assessment 82 5.8 Materials of Construction 159
3.20.5 Microscopic Particulate 5.8.1 Carrying Capacity 159
Analyses 82 5.8.2 Strength 159
Problems/Questions 84 5.8.3 Durability 160
References 85 5.8.4 Transportation 160
5.8.5 Safety 160