Page 227 - Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook For Geologists And Geophysicists
P. 227
. angle = the vertical the bending between
209 Selected raypath for According to Snell’s ray; of refraction. layers, the boundary, refracting outward inner core. complex increase major bend and lay- on vertical rays that according 7.27. Travel- over average
Interior compressional wave penetrating the major Earth. sin®,/V,, where = velocity of incident velocity of refracted ray; 6; angle 0, = three seismic velocity increases with depth, so the ray bends away from (outward). Velocity drops abruptly at inward. Abrupt velocity increase and more simply Earth's rays 3.23), decrease) increase). Within the so layers, identified Fig. occurring the 7.28).
Earth’s 7.26 zones of the Law, sind,/V; of incidence; Within each of the mantle/outer core results from the outer core are not for (Fig. velocity from in in earthquakes distance, stations
of FIGURE = V, = V, that ray the times does velocities Law velocity away upward are core. illustrated epicentral
Probes arrival Earth wave (sharp rays Earth. as phases, core: core; outer of of seismic
as and the in Snell's to boundary (sharp bending decreases the known mantle; outer inner core; LQ); LR); the of are phases observations to
Seismic Waves raypaths velocity compressional According core boundary downward, generally of out travel energy, the through the through the through mantle; inner called called top the off common from according network
Earthquake because 7.25, relative 2.5). to mantle/outer core core/inner increase velocity they as of seismic wave wave wave the through the through (sometimes (sometimes wave wave the of some for developed plotting, by worldwide a at
Earth Fig. in shows 7.26 2.3 Figs. the at outer generally journey; vertical the arrivals conventions: compressional compressional compressional wave shear wave shear wave Love Rayleigh reflection raypaths been have years several arriving
Complex illustrated Fig. depth. (see inward the at velocities downward toward Particular following = P = K = I = S J L " R c of curves of phases of
than with divisions abruptly outward ers, their bend the to Examples time period a times
90° Distance from Earthquake) 90° Distance 90° Distance times plotted according to the surface. a) no refraction occurs. The convex-upward surface. b) Earth the vertical, leading to steeper Gaaccenes’ (a). in (a). c) in (b), seismic velocities
Constant V 80° 1 —=> aytieaaig with Depth 180° —=> from Earthquake) 180° from Earthquake) —> the angular with constant Earth form of the a gradual with model more Likewise, Selected raypaths increase with
Constant Vv
sous
<== (eyenbyez o° (Angular 4 S— (openixaeg cous out) 4 o° (Angular 4 <=> (ayenbyyez 1 ae (Angular A Earth. Travel Earth’s curved from bend away for the constant velocity case higher apparent velocity than
eu)
1
eoujs
ew)
Hypothetical velocity models of the Raypaths are with depth, V(z). travel-time graph
eeoemomoms: ==, the earthquake epicenter to seismic stations on linear because measurements aré along Rays than velocities) indicates body (P,S) and surfaces waves. As in } it
: from because velocity (hence, higher apparent for
7.25 (A) velocity, V. is simply in curvature on the els curves
FIGURE distance seismic graph increase angles lepth.
208
ee