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.        angle   =   the  vertical   the   bending   between
      209   Selected  raypath  for   According  to  Snell’s   ray;   of  refraction.   layers,  the   boundary,  refracting   outward   inner  core.   complex   increase   major   bend   and   lay-   on  vertical   rays   that   according   7.27.  Travel-   over   average

       Interior   compressional  wave  penetrating  the  major   Earth.   sin®,/V,,  where   =   velocity  of  incident  velocity  of  refracted  ray;  6;   angle   0,  =   three  seismic  velocity  increases  with  depth,  so  the  ray  bends  away  from  (outward).  Velocity  drops  abruptly  at   inward.  Abrupt   velocity  increase   and   more   simply   Earth's   rays   3.23),   decrease)   increase).  Within   the   so  layers,   identified   Fig.   occurring   the   7.28).


       Earth’s   7.26   zones  of the   Law,  sind,/V;   of  incidence;   Within  each  of  the   mantle/outer  core   results  from   the  outer  core   are   not   for   (Fig.   velocity   from   in   in   earthquakes   distance,   stations

       of   FIGURE   =   V,   =   V,   that   ray   the         times   does   velocities   Law   velocity   away   upward   are   core.   illustrated   epicentral
       Probes                                                   arrival   Earth   wave   (sharp   rays   Earth.   as  phases,   core:   core;   outer   of   of  seismic

       as                                                       and   the   in   Snell's   to   boundary   (sharp   bending   decreases   the   known   mantle;   outer   inner   core;   LQ);   LR);   the   of   are   phases   observations   to
       Seismic  Waves                                            raypaths   velocity   compressional   According   core   boundary   downward,   generally   of   out   travel   energy,   the  through   the  through   the  through   mantle;   inner   called   called   top   the   off   common   from   according   network



                                                                 Earthquake   because   7.25,   relative   2.5).   to   mantle/outer   core  core/inner   increase   velocity   they   as   of  seismic   wave   wave   wave   the  through   the  through   (sometimes   (sometimes   wave   wave   the   of   some   for   developed   plotting,   by   worldwide   a   at




                                                                 Earth   Fig.   in   shows   7.26   2.3   Figs.   the   at   outer   generally   journey;   vertical   the   arrivals   conventions:   compressional   compressional   compressional   wave   shear   wave  shear   wave   Love   Rayleigh   reflection   raypaths   been   have   years  several   arriving

                                                                 Complex   illustrated   Fig.   depth.   (see   inward   the   at   velocities   downward   toward   Particular   following   =   P   =   K   =   I   =   S   J   L   "   R   c   of   curves   of   phases   of



                                                                   than   with   divisions   abruptly   outward   ers,   their   bend   the   to   Examples   time   period   a   times




















                              90°  Distance  from Earthquake)       90°   Distance              90°   Distance   times  plotted  according  to   the  surface.  a)  no  refraction occurs. The  convex-upward   surface.  b)   Earth  the  vertical,  leading  to  steeper  Gaaccenes’   (a).   in   (a).  c)   in  (b),  seismic  velocities

              Constant  V   80°   1   —=>        aytieaaig  with  Depth   180°   —=>  from  Earthquake)       180°  from  Earthquake)   —>   the  angular   with  constant  Earth   form  of  the   a  gradual   with   model   more  Likewise,   Selected raypaths   increase   with







                                     Constant Vv




                  sous
     <== (eyenbyez          o°   (Angular   4   S—  (openixaeg  cous out) 4   o°   (Angular   4   <=> (ayenbyyez 1       ae   (Angular   A   Earth. Travel   Earth’s  curved   from  bend  away  for  the  constant  velocity  case  higher  apparent  velocity  than
                     eu)
                         1
                                                                               eoujs
                                                                                  ew)
                                                                                                  Hypothetical  velocity  models  of the   Raypaths  are   with  depth,  V(z).   travel-time  graph
                                                                        eeoemomoms: ==,            the  earthquake  epicenter  to  seismic  stations  on   linear  because  measurements  aré  along   Rays   than  velocities)   indicates  body  (P,S)  and  surfaces  waves.  As  in   }   it



                                                                                               :   from   because   velocity  (hence,  higher  apparent   for
                                                                                                  7.25   (A)   velocity,  V.   is  simply   in   curvature  on  the  els  curves
                                                                                                  FIGURE   distance   seismic   graph   increase   angles   lepth.
                                                                                                                   208








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