Page 28 - Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook For Geologists And Geophysicists

200 km)
observations (surface outcrops, drillholes, magma reaching
i
the
and
limited
(upper
more
depths,
crust.
kim-
pene-
11
Magma
observations (controlled-source seismic,
Dritlholes
the outer shells; earthquake seismic waves give most of the
km)
effectively, within
crust
to
deep-seated
Know!ecoe
sample
continental
drillhole
up
is
mantle
basins
12
the
knowledge
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(to
within
and
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sedimentary
deepest
Earth
of
typical
Earth
seismic velocities
exception
Our
or
probe,
Whole
lower crustal
The
of
the
1.10).
thickness
km.
can
into
within
the
(Fig.
techniques
mantle. Geophysical
50
ss op
deeper
(with
details
uppermost
of resolution
at
the
cases,
originated
intrusions
half
look
particular
some
Direct
show
than
Surface
to
ae
the
km.
on
uppermost
in
us
Constraints on nature of Earth’s interior.
depth, less
degrees
that
data
igneous
flow) provide further constraints
in
200
and,
allow
Waves
that
magma
formed
upper
reflection
changes
varying
generally sample only the crust and
depth
data
and
Earth)
the lower mantle and core.
km
the
from
generally
Reflection
eruptions
Seismic
Geophysical
12
maximum
2
thickness
Refraction
within
with
Entire
Seismic
about
come
e
widely, but
If
materials
generally
Volcanic
to
berlites)
(Penetrate
crustal
Crust
the
Earth.
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Magnetics/
trates
Flow
”
field, heat
Seismic
Gravity/
by
and
information on
1.10
Heat
potential
surface)
FIGURE
: the and crust lower the about information provide years, recent in and, km) 10 on constraints provide data refraction Seismic (“Moho”). transition crust/mantle ave deus mantle. uppermost
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give geo- 1.9). things or we do of Earth, that less know (landing them. As Likewise, and upper lower at or or radius. occa- those
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10 - (0 1.9 FIGURE ' WHOLE