Page 32 - Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook For Geologists And Geophysicists

mantle,
was
observations
temperature
the
with
volcanoes 2
the
ori-
severe
the
15
thousands
geophysical
continental
fur-
information
Alfred
between
that
across
the
Subduction Zone__ Volcanoes
allows
field
it
century,
basin closes as lithospheric plates
Earth
that
most
meteorologist
realize
explains
over
mantle, sandwiched
gravity
of continents
for
of earthquakes,
(“asthenosphere”)
(correctly)
of
of the
mantle,
Later
ranges, volcanoes, earthquakes, and
The
Geophysical
and
20th
way
horizontally
blocks
\
to
Earth’s
adequately
the.1500’s.
geologists
pressure
the
Divisions
their
movements.
of
that
of
German
as continents collide.
out
mostly
puzzle” fit
plow
1.10);
part
mechanism,
stronger.
distribution
move
The
Mey
pointed
Major
caused
Theory
soft
more
as
early
dee
could
mantle
(Fig.
comprised
a
theory.
horizontal
the
back
to
zone of relatively
Ocean
Earthquake.

premise,
“jig-saw
Metamorphism
the
regions
1960’s
Jeffreys
(“lithosphere”)
much
by
material
—_
softer
far
his
the
horizontal displacements. a)
Tectonic
een
tectonic
in
uplift
proposed
Basin
mountain
plates
2.2).
origins
as
and
involved
be
as
the
large-scale
major
various
to vertical
The
Harold
maps
well
to
crustal
(Fig.
1950’s
from
Ocean
et ee
large
plate
— =>
studies
Plate tectonic theory suggests that
its
below.
as
a
drift,”
a
on
of rocks
Plate
theory
crust
traversing
had
came
ranges,
mantle create
as
Horizontal displacements lead
mantle.
Siecectomnomrenemonns: Pett
the
of
on
of
of
recognized
motion
wave
theory
blocks
and
during
and
” Lihonohere
acceptance
passengers
notion
“continental
inspiration
a
Wegener’s
metamorphism
mountain
the
above
mantle
large
waves
seismic
horizontal
!
tectonic
made
that
over
the
Fase Continental
from
the
Ocean,
mantle
are
of seismic
of
the
inconceivable
disputed
Wegener. The
to
of many
result
in
observations
from
drifted
of
plates
conditions
Plate
continents
objections
to
with
idea
Atlantic
metamorphism
the
harder
known
critical
converge. b)
rigid
2.2
crust
thus
gins
ties
ory,
and
the
FIGURE
‘
vente of kilometers. EARTH THE OF DIVISIONS MAJOR (tectonics) surface Earth’s at observed features large of origin the of Appreciation Earth. the of composition and structure overall the about information requires of bulk the provide surface the at gathered data Geophysical on observations regions. deeper and system tectonic p
mountain (most long, nar- strata metamor- expansion 1951). materials thought over the- tectonic
and geologists volcanic The (Kay, from were laterally Plate
basins, Early theory, whereby and temperatures, were 2.1b). ranges result which moved ideas. that fills
ocean processes. sedimentary (Fig. oven mountain mountains displacements, indeed, building horizontal uplift, expand and
thin piece of metal or tektn, a builder], pertaining to large- Earth’s surface a surface with (rigid), outer part of the Earth. sthenos, strength}, region of (less rigid) continents, as external geosynclinal with high to an in rising as surface movements; horizontal had, crust mountain Theory theory suggests that mountain ranges significant
2 Earth’s surface and the internal processes that led tan’ iks), n., a modern idea that Earth’s outer rock. sphaira, sphere}, a round body Gr. without; < such surface, and internal developed filled were layers, subjected cake a like Earth’s of vertical large Earth’s of of revision Geosynclinal movement, without displacement. a) Crust warps downward, forming depression Heated s
ER: Tectonics platys, flat}, a smooth, flat, Gr. [< shell is made of rigid plates; large-scale features on result from movement of the piates relative to one another. [< Gr. lithos, @ stone}, stone, Gr. a, [< na sfir), Earth’s Earth’s 1850's) the in and deeply-buried much uplift and involves without blocks that drastic Sediments Partial Melt Zone- Geosynclinal vertical forming mountain
POT Gr. [< tin’ ik), adj., to their development. plate tectonics (plat tek Gr. |< egually distant from the center at all points. lithosphere (lith’ a sfir’), n., the strong (as thé ‘né a), n., asthenosphere (as thé’ n., a relatively soft Earth underlying the lithosphere. on features from result Hall James subsided expanded, and deformation theory down and up Observations to led
A plate (plat) n., other material. tectonic (tek scale features on (lith’ 6), litho- sphere (sfir), n., asthenia bodily weakness. the Large ranges, tably troughs row (Fig. 2.1a). The phosed caused Geosynclinal moving unlikely. Jong
CH Plate 14