Page 10 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

VIII Contents

3.7.2.5 Recovery Technologies (Recycling) 149
3.7.2.6 Recycling of Transport Packagings 151
3.7.2.7 Transportation by Truck 152
3.7.2.8 Electricity Supply 152
3.7.3 Elaboration of a Differentiated System Flow Chart with Reference
Flows 153
3.7.4 Allocation 153
3.7.4.1 Definition of Allocation Rules on Process Level 153
3.7.4.2 Definition of Allocation Rules on System Level for Open-Loop
Recycling 157
3.7.5 Modelling of the System 157
3.7.6 Calculation of the Life Cycle Inventory 158
3.7.6.1 Input 159
3.7.6.2 Output 165
References 170

4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 181
4.1 Basic Principle of Life Cycle Impact Assessment 181
4.2 Method of Critical Volumes 183
4.2.1 Interpretation 184
4.2.2 Criticism 185
4.3 Structure of Impact Assessment according to ISO 14040 and
14044 187
4.3.1 Mandatory and Optional Elements 187
4.3.2 Mandatory Elements 187
4.3.2.1 Selection of Impact Categories – Indicators and Characterisation
Factors 187
4.3.2.2 Classification 190
4.3.2.3 Characterisation 191
4.3.3 Optional Elements of LCIA 192
4.3.3.1 Normalisation 192
4.3.3.2 Grouping 197
4.3.3.3 Weighting 200
4.3.3.4 Additional Analysis of Data Quality 201
4.4 Method of Impact Categories (Environmental Problem Fields) 201
4.4.1 Introduction 201
4.4.2 First (‘Historical’) Lists of the Environmental Problem Fields 202
4.4.3 Stressor-Effect Relationships and Indicators 206
4.4.3.1 Hierarchy of Impacts 207
4.4.3.2 Potential versus Actual Impacts 209
4.5 Impact Categories, Impact Indicators and Characterisation
Factors 212
4.5.1 Input-Related Impact Categories 212
4.5.1.1 Overview 212
4.5.1.2 Consumption of Abiotic Resources 214