Page 11 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Contents IX

4.5.1.3 Cumulative Energy and Exergy Demand 220
4.5.1.4 Consumption of Biotic Resources 222
4.5.1.5 Use of (Fresh) Water 224
4.5.1.6 Land Use 227
4.5.2 Output-Based Impact Categories (Global and Regional Impacts) 233
4.5.2.1 Overview 233
4.5.2.2 Climate Change 234
4.5.2.3 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 240
4.5.2.4 Formation of Photo Oxidants (Summer Smog) 246
4.5.2.5 Acidification 254
4.5.2.6 Eutrophication 261
4.5.3 Toxicity-Related Impact Categories 268
4.5.3.1 Introduction 268
4.5.3.2 Human Toxicity 269
4.5.3.3 Ecotoxicity 279
4.5.3.4 Concluding Remark on the Toxicity Categories 285
4.5.4 Nuisances by Chemical and Physical Emissions 286
4.5.4.1 Introduction 286
4.5.4.2 Smell 286
4.5.4.3 Noise 287
4.5.5 Accidents and Radioactivity 289
4.5.5.1 Casualties 289
4.5.5.2 Radioactivity 290
4.6 Illustration of the Phase Impact Assessment by Practical
Example 291
4.6.1 Selection of Impact Categories – Indicators and Characterisation
Factors 293
4.6.1.1 (Greenhouse) Global Warming Potential 294
4.6.1.2 Photo-Oxidant Formation (Photo Smog or Summer Smog
Potential) 295
4.6.1.3 Eutrophication Potential 296
4.6.1.4 Acidification Potential 297
4.6.1.5 Resource Demand 298
4.6.2 Classification 300
4.6.3 Characterisation 300
4.6.4 Normalisation 305
4.6.5 Grouping 310
4.6.6 Weighting 311
References 311

5 Life Cycle Interpretation, Reporting and Critical Review 329
5.1 Development and Rank of the Interpretation Phase 329
5.2 The Phase Interpretation According to ISO 331
5.2.1 Interpretation in ISO 14040 331
5.2.2 Interpretation in ISO 14044 331