Page 157 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

P a r t i c i p l e c l a u s e s ( - i n g , - e d a n d b e i n g - e d )
clauses
-ed)
-ed and
Participle
being
(-ing,
We can give information about someone or something using an -ing, past participle (-ed) or
We can give information about someone or something using an -ing, past participle (-ed) or
being + past participle (-ed) clause after a noun. These clauses are often similar to defining
being + past participle (-ed) clause after a noun. These clauses are often similar to defining
that:
70)
Unit
(see
beginning which, who,
or
relative clauses
relative clauses (see Unit 70) beginning which, who, or that:
(or ...which
halves of the building,
We stood on the bridge connecting the two
• * We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building. (or ...which
connects/connected the two halves...)
connects/connected the two halves...)
murder has now
used in the
(or The weapon that was used...)
The weapon
been found,
• ¢ The weapon used in the murder has now been found. (or The weapon that was used...)
(or ...who are
The prisoners
being released are all women,
being released...)
• * The prisoners being released are all women. (or ...who are being released...)
clauses.
non-defining
participle
similar
with
to
Unit
for
75
meaning
a
relative
clauses
See
See Unit 75 for participle clauses with a meaning similar to non-defining relative clauses.
-ing clauses
-ing clauses
instead
defining
-ing clause
an
of a
often
use
an
relative
active verb:
clause with
We often use an -ing clause instead of a defining relative clause with an active verb:
We
(or The man who is driving the bus...)
The man driving the bus is my brother,
• * The man driving the bus is my brother. (or The man who is driving the bus...)
belongs to Mrs Thompson,
The land stretching away to the left all
(or The land which
• * The land stretching away to the left all belongs to Mrs Thompson. (or The land which
left...)
stretches away to the
stretches away to the left...)
Police took away Dr Li and items belonging to him.
(or ...items which belong/belonged to
• * Police took away Dr Li and items belonging to him. (or ...items which belong/belonged to
him.)
him.)
we can't use an -ing clause. For example:
Sometimes, however,
Sometimes, however, we can't use an -ing clause. For example:
when there is a noun
between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause:
• ¢ when there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause:
for lunch is from Taiwan,
The man who
Tim is meeting
(not ...the man Tim meeting...)
• * The man who 7im is meeting for lunch is from Taiwan. (not ...the man Tim meeting...)
before the event or
defining relative clause comes
when the event or action talked about in the
• ¢ when the event or action talked about in the defining relative clause comes before the event or
action talked about in the rest of the sentence, except when the second event or action is the
action talked about in the rest of the sentence, except when the second event or action is the
first. Compare:
result of the first. Compare:
result of the
snow falling overnight...)
(not The
The
snow which fell overnight has turned to ice.
and
• ¢ The snow which fell overnight has turned to ice. (not The snow falling overnight...) and
(or The snow
snow which fell overnight has caused traffic chaos,
falling overnight has
The
• ¢ The snow which fell overnight has caused traffic chaos. (or The snow falling overnight has
caused traffic chaos.)
caused traffic chaos.)
when we talk about a single, completed action in the defining relative clause, rather than a
• ¢ when we talk about a single, completed action in the defining relative clause, rather than a
Compare:
continuous action.
continuous action. Compare:
I • ¢ The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arm. (not The girl falling over...) and
ice broke her arm.
fell
and
over on the
(not The girl falling over...)
The girl who
(or ...sheets
covering the furniture.)
off the
I pulled
sheets which covered the furniture,
@ • + I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture. (or ...sheets covering the furniture.)
Past participle (-ed) and being + past participle (-ed) clauses
Past participle (-ed) and being + past participle (-ed) clauses
We often use a past participle or being + past participle clause instead of a defining relative
We often use a past participle or being + past participle clause instead of a defining relative
clause with a passive verb:
clause with a passive verb:
(or The book that was
for children,
The book published last week is his first written
9 • * The book published last week is his first written for children. (or The book that was
last week...)
published last week...)
published
for the team are under 9.
(or The boys who are being chosen...)
The boys being chosen
• ¢ The boys being chosen for the team are under 9. (or The boys who are being chosen...)
“Tip iiedssm Rebes vhatingy. Rib atiscs
use a past participle
or being + past participle clause. For example:
Sometimes, however, we can't use a past participle or being + past participle clause. For example:
Sometimes, however, we can't
when there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause:
• ¢ when there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause:
are made in the company is worrying,
The speed at which decisions
(not The speed at which
• ¢ The speed at which decisions are made in the company is worrying. (not The speed at which
decisions made...)
decisions made...)
fee
are being
The issue that club members
asked to vote on at tonight's meeting is that of a
• ¢ The issue that club members are being asked to vote on at tonight's meeting is that of a fee
(not The issue
being asked to vote on...)
increase... (not The issue being asked to vote on...)
increase...
defining relative clause includes
a modal verb other than will:
when the
• * when the defining relative clause includes a modal verb other than will:
be asked,
There are a number of people who should
be asked.)
(not ...people should
• ¢ There are a number of people who should be asked. (not ...people should be asked.)
j
t
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adecves =
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t
wh
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meanng =Partcpe
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Denngeatveauses = Participleauses
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adverba
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