Page 159 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

P a r t i c i p l e c l a u s e s w i t h a d v e r b i a l m e a n i n g
meaning
with
adverbial
clauses
Participle
use an -ing form of a verb or the past participle in a clause which has an adverbial
We can
We can use an -ing form of a verb or the past participle in a clause which has an adverbial
A clause like this often gives information about TIME or REASONS and RESULTS:
meaning. A clause like this often gives information about TIME or REASONS and RESULTS:
meaning.
Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry. (= When she opened her eyes...)
• ¢ Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry. (© When she opened her eyes...)
Faced with a bill for £10, 000, John has taken an extra job. (= Because he is faced...)
• ¢ Faced with a bill for £10, 000, John has taken an extra job. (= Because he is faced...)
are often similar to non-defining relative clauses (see Unit 71) with which, who, or that:
They
They are often similar to non-defining relative clauses (see Unit 71) with which, who, or that:
Feeling tired, Louise went to bed early, (or Louise, who was feeling tired, went...)
• * Feeling tired, Louise went to bed early. (or Louise, who was feeling tired, went...)
Formed 25 years ago next month, the club is holding a party for past and present members.
• ¢ Formed 25 years ago next month, the club is holding a party for past and present members.
club, which was formed 25 years ago next month, is holding...)
(or The
(or The club, which was formed 25 years ago next month, is holding...)
The following sentences illustrate other forms of verbs in clauses like this:
The following sentences illustrate other forms of verbs in clauses like this:
Being imported, the radios were more expensive.
• ¢ Being imported, the radios were more expensive.
Having been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area.
• ¢ Having been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area.
negative
-ing
the
form
participle.
or past
of sentences
forms
like this,
before
not usually comes
In In negative forms of sentences like this, not usually comes before the -ing form or past participle.
However, not can follow the -ing form or the past participle, depending on meaning:
However, not can follow the -ing form or the past participle, depending on meaning:
left the house
silently.
He
Not wanting to wake her,
didn't
(=
want to...)
Steve
• ¢ Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently. (© He didn't want to...)
(=
I preferred not to...)
Preferring not to go out that night, I made an excuse.
• ¢ Preferring not to go out that night, I made an excuse. (= I preferred not to...)
implied
clause
subject of a
like this
is
same
usually the
clause:
main
as the
subject of the
©The implied subject of a clause like this is usually the same as the subject of the main clause:
g the
we arrived...we saw...)
(= When
Arriving at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone.
• * • « Arriving at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone. (= When we arrived...we saw...)
subject
clause:
sometimes
implied
the
in
is not referred
main
to
the
However, sometimes the implied subject is not referred to in the main clause:
However,
Having wanted to drive
a train all his life, this was an opportunity not to be missed.
• ¢ Having wanted to drive a train all his life, this was an opportunity not to be missed.
sometimes
subject:
English,
-ing or past participle
its
has
the
own
clause
formal
In more formal English, the -ing or past participle clause sometimes has its own subject:
In more
replay will take place.
level after 90 minutes, a
The score being
• ¢ The score being level after 90 minutes, a replay will take place.
+
past participle clause
an -ing,
past participle,
clause
using
or being
instead of a
In general, using an -ing, past participle, or being + past participle clause instead of a clause
In general,
etc.)
because,
non-defining relative
or
(when,
a
clause
a conjunction
what
makes
beginning with
beginning with a conjunction (when, because, etc.) or a non-defining relative clause makes what
or literary writing.
used particularly in
formal
Clauses
are
say or write more formal.
like this
we
we say or write more formal. Clauses like this are used particularly in formal or literary writing.
give
information about
TIME:
are
used to
Some clauses like this
Some clauses like this are used to give information about TIME:
Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him.
...)
(= As he glanced
• ¢ Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him. (= As he glanced ...)
After he had completed the book...)
(=
Having completed the book, he had a holiday.
• ¢ Having completed the book, he had a holiday. (= After he had completed the book...)
We use an -ing clause to talk about something that takes place at the same time or very close in
We use an -ing clause to talk about something that takes place at the same time or very close in
main
in the
clause:
action
time to the
time to the action in the main clause:
she
began to tell the story.
Putting on a serious face,
• ¢ Putting on a serious face, she began to tell the story.
often
quoted
in written narrative
after
say what
-ing
an
speech,
when
clause
to
use
we want
We
We often use an -ing clause in written narrative after quoted speech, when we want to say what
someone was doing while they were talking:
someone was doing while they were talking:
'Wait a minute,'
said Frank, running through the door.
• ¢ 'Wait a minute,' said Frank, running through the door.
is
described
relatively long compared with the one described in the main clause, we
If the action described is relatively long compared with the one described in the main clause, we
If the action
beginning having + past participle:
ouse a clause beginning having + past participle:
meanings, although using a having + past participle clause emphasises that something is k .
guse a clause
been postponed.
driven five hours to the meeting, Don learnt that it had
Having
• e¢
• ¢ Having driven five hours to the meeting, Don learnt that it had been postponed.
similar
an
-ing clause
a
having + past participle clause with
or
either
use
Sometimes we can use either an -ing clause or a having + past participle clause with similar
Sometimes we can
although
using a
having + past participle clause emphasises that something is
meanings,
before
Compare:
action in the
main clause
begins.
the
completed
completed before the action in the main clause begins. Compare:
Ray walked
off / Having taken
off his shoes,
into the house.
Taking
• ¢ Taking off / Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house.
RESULTS.
REASONS and
like this are used to talk about
For example:
Some clauses
Some clauses like this are used to talk about REASONS and RESULTS. For example:
Knowing exactly what I wanted,
I didn't spend much time shopping.
• ¢ Knowing exactly what I wanted, I didn't spend much time shopping.
Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence.
• ¢ Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence.
Having been invited to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.
• ¢ Having been invited to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.
Participle clauses (ing, -ed and being -ed) => ^^JJ
Participle causes (ing, -ed and being -ed) =>