Page 155 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

r e i a u v e
c l a u s e s
Relative
K e i a t i v e clauses ( 4 ) : p r e p o s i t i o n s i n In relative
prepositions
(4):
c l a u s e s
clauses
formal styles we often put a preposition before the relative pronouns which and whom:
In In formal styles we often put a preposition before the relative pronouns which and whom:
The rate at which a material heats up depends on its chemical composition.
g • ¢ The rate at which a material heats up depends on its chemical composition.
In the novel by Peters, on which the film is based, the main character is a teenager.
• ¢ In the novel by Peters, on which the film is based, the main character is a teenager.
Gelson had previously worked contacted
him about the role.
An actor with whom
• ¢ An actor with whom Gelson had previously worked contacted him about the role.
Her many friends,
gave her encouragement.
among whom I like to be considered,
• ¢ Her many friends, among whom I like to be considered, gave her encouragement.
Notice that after a preposition you can't use who instead of whom, and you can't use that or zero
Notice that after a preposition you can't use who instead of whom, and you can't use that or zero
relative pronoun:
relative pronoun:
Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting the public to
• ¢ Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting the public to
whom they are accountable? (not ...the public to who they are accountable.)
whom they are accountable? (not ...the public to who they are accountable.)
The valley in which the town lies is heavily polluted,
(not The valley in that the town...)
• * The valley in which the town lies is heavily polluted. (not The valley in that the town...)
(not ...the
Arnold tried to gauge the speed at which they were travelling,
speed at they were
• ¢ Arnold tried to gauge the speed at which they were travelling. (not ...the speed at they were
travelling.)
travelling.)
later
clause
relative
in the
rather than
English we
informal
at the
usually put the preposition
In In informal English we usually put the preposition later in the relative clause rather than at the
beginning:
beginning:
which Graham led the way to was filled with books.
office
The
• ¢ The office which Graham led the way to was filled with books.
for, had been encouraged by his parents.
Jim's footballing ability, which he was noted
• ¢ Jim's footballing ability, which he was noted for, had been encouraged by his parents.
it was
built for.
The playground wasn't used
by those children who
• ¢ The playground wasn't used by those children who it was built for.
Qin this case we prefer who rather than whom (although 'whom' is used in formal contexts). In
this case we prefer who rather than whom (although 'whom' is used in formal contexts). In
of who
pronoun
or
zero
relative
that
also
instead
which
use
or
‘defining relative clauses we can
'defining relative clauses we can also use that or zero relative pronoun instead of who or which .
(e.g. ...the children (that) it was built for).
(e.g. ...the children (that) it was built for).
If the verb in the relative clause a two- or three-word verb (e.g. come across, fill in, go
If the verb in the relative clause is is a two- or three-word verb (e.g. come across, fill in, go
on)
after, look up to, put up with,
usually put the preposition
we don't
take
through, look
through, look after, look up to, put up with, take on) we don't usually put the preposition
before the relative pronoun:
before the relative pronoun:
I'll go through tomorrow,
(which/that)
Your essay is one of those
...through
(rather than
• ¢ Your essay is one of those (which/that) I'll go through tomorrow. (rather than ...through
which I'll go tomorrow.)
which I'll go tomorrow.)
She is one of the few people (who/that) I look up to.
(not ...to whom I look up.)
• ¢ She is one of the few people (who/that) I look up to. (not ...to whom I look up.)
often
prefer
about
we
to
whose
English,
of which rather than
use
talk
formal written
to
In In formal written English, we often prefer to use of which rather than whose to talk about
things:
things:
still
being felt,
the effects of which are
spilled,
A huge amount of oil was
(or ...whose effects
• ¢ A huge amount of oil was spilled, the effects of which are still being felt. (or ...whose effects
are still being felt.)
are still being felt.)
will
be
16th of November,
The end of the war,
the anniversary of which is on the
• * The end of the war, the anniversary of which is on the 16th of November, will be
commemorated in cities throughout the country. (or ...whose anniversary is on...)
commemorated in cities throughout the country, (or ...whose anniversary is on...)
of whose
in the patterns
instead
in Unit
described
71B:
use of which
Notice that we can't
Notice that we can't use of which instead of whose in the patterns described in Unit 71B:
switch between German, Polish and Russian,
all of which she spoke
Dorothy was able to
• ¢ Dorothy was able to switch between German, Polish and Russian, all of which she spoke
(not ...all whose she spoke...)
Whose can come after a preposition in a relative clause. However, it is more natural to put the
fluently,
fluently, (not ...all whose she spoke...)
use
less
of which and
is
that...of instead
formal than
sometimes
of of which. This
whose,
We can
We can sometimes use that...of instead of of which. This is less formal than of which and whose,
mainly
spoken
used in
English:
and
and is is mainly used in spoken English:
The school that she is head of is closing down,
(or The school of which she is head...)
• * The school that she is head of is closing down. (or The school of which she is head...)
after a preposition in
it is more natural to put the
a relative clause.
However,
Whose can come
English:
in
less
formal contexts
of the
clause
end
in
at the
spoken
and
preposition
preposition at the end of the clause in less formal contexts and in spoken English:
We were grateful to Mr Marks, in whose car we had travelled home,
(or ...whose car we
had
• * We were grateful to Mr Marks, in whose car we had travelled home. (or ...whose car we had
travelled home in.)
travelled home in.)
I now turn to Freud,
(or ...whose work
from whose work the following quotation is taken,
• * I now turn to Freud, from whose work the following quotation is taken. (or ...whose work
the following quotation is taken from.)
the following quotation is taken from.)
Two- and three-word verbs => IIIIHULI
Relative clauses =>
Two-ad thee-word vabs => FMTetr
Redative dauses =