Page 151 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

K e i a t i v e
c l a u s e s
s i x ,
o n i y
(Z)
(1OM, wno
can
hHelative clauses (Z) ( i o m , w n o i s IS Only SIX, c a n
three
languages.)
s p e a kspeak t h r e e l a n g u a g e s . )
Some relative clauses are usedused to add extraextra information aboutabout a a noun, butbut this informationinformation is
Some
this
are
noun,
relative
to
add
is
information
clauses
necessary
we
thing
or
explain
to
notnot necessary to explain whichwhich personperson or thing we mean:
mean:
• ¢ Valerie Polkoff, who has died aged 90, escaped from Russia with her family inin 1917.
Polkoff;
90,
has
escaped
1917.
with
Russia
died
Valerie
aged
who
family
from
her
We
accepted.
received an
000
offer of £80,
for the house, which we
• * We received an offer of £80, 000 for the house, which we accepted.
These are sometimes calledcalled non-defining relative clauses. We don'tdon't use them oftenoften inin everydayeveryday
relative
We
non-defining
sometimes
clauses.
are
use
them
These
speech, butbut they occuroccur frequentlyfrequently in writtenwritten English. Notice that we put aa commacomma between the
speech,
the
English.
between
put
in
Notice
that
they
we
Qnoun and aa non-defining relative clause, and another commacomma at the end of this clause if it is notnot
and
of
non-defining
and
end
clause
this
is
qnoun
another
at
relative
the
if
clause,
it
•also the end of sentence.
end of aa
“also
sentence.
the
When we use a non-defining relative clause to add information about a person or people:
When we use a non-defining relative clause to add information about a person or people:
as the subject of the clause
we use who
• * we use who as the subject of the clause
of the people
One
arrested
• * One of the people arrested
was Mary Arundel, who
was Mary Arundel, who
is a member of the local council.
is a member of the local council.
object of the clause,
we
use who or whom as the
• * we use who or whom as the object of the clause,
although whom is more formal and rarely
although whom is more formal and rarely
used in spoken English:
used in spoken English:
I have long admired, is to visit the university next week.
Professor Johnson, who(m)
• ¢ Professor Johnson, who(m) I have long admired, is to visit the university next week.
a
add
relative
use
or
about
a
clause
information
to
non-defining
group
thing
of things,
When we
When we use a non-defining relative clause to add information about a thing or group of things,
clause:
object of the
the
subject or
as
use which
we use which as the subject or object of the clause:
we
These drugs, which are used to treat stomach ulcers, have been withdrawn
from sale.
• ¢ These drugs, which are used to treat stomach ulcers, have been withdrawn from sale.
That Masters course, which I took in 1990, is no longer taught at the college.
• ¢ That Masters course, which I took in 1990, is no longer taught at the college.
That is sometimes used instead of which, but some people think this is incorrect, so it
That is sometimes used instead of which, but some people think this is incorrect, so it is is
refer to
use
safer not to
which to
situation talked about in
the whole
also
it.
use
We
probably safer not to use it. We also use which to refer to the whole situation talked about in
probably
outside the relative clause:
sentence
the sentence outside the relative clause:
the
The book won't be published until next year, which is disappointing.
• ¢ The book won't be published until next year, which is disappointing.
see you.
I have to go to hospital on Monday, which means I won't be able to
• ¢ I have to go to hospital on Monday, which means I won't be able to see you.
We can also use whose in a non-defining relative clause (see also Unit 72):
We can also use whose in a non-defining relative clause (see also Unit 72):
Neil Adams, whose parents are both teachers, won first prize in the competition.
• ¢ Neil Adams, whose parents are both teachers, won first prize in the competition.
*Notice that we don't use zero relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause.
•Notice that we don't use zero relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause.
When we want to add information about the whole or a part of a particular number of things or
When we want to add information about the whole or a part of a particular number of things or
as
or
such
after words
a
use
clause with
non-defining relative
of which
of whom
people we can use a non-defining relative clause with of which or of whom after words such as
people we can
all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, some, a number (one, two, etc.; the first, the
all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, some, a number (one, two, etc.; the first, the
biggest, etc.):
a third,
(the
and
best, the
etc.)
half,
superlatives
second, etc.; half, a third, etc.) and superlatives (the best, the biggest, etc.):
second, etc.;
speed of growth of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which we have
The
• ¢ The speed of growth ofa plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which we have
We can use the following phrases at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause: at which able
over.
no control
no control over.
The bank was held up by a group of men,
three of whom were said to
be armed.
• ¢ The bank was held up by a group of men, three of whom were said to be armed.
the most recent of which began today.
made many visits to Japan,
The President has
• ¢ The President has made many visits to Japan, the most recent of which began today.
at the
non-defining relative clause:
beginning of a
use the
following phrases
at which
We can
during which time, and in which case:
point/time, by which point/time,
point/time, by which point/time, during which time, and in which case:
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Wales.
• ¢ It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Wales.
off a
be
at which point we will
The bandages will be taken
few days after the operation,
• ¢ The bandages will be taken off a few days after the operation, at which point we will be able
been.
to judge how effective the treatment has
to judge how effective the treatment has been.
The next Olympics are in three years, by which time Stevens will be 34.
• ¢ The next Olympics are in three years, by which time Stevens will be 34.

Relative clauses (1), (3) and (4)=>
Relative dauses (1), (3)and (4)