Page 149 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

w a s
Relallve
g i n
w n u
C l a u s e s
h e i a u v e ClauSe€S(1) (NE Qin WO! was LalKINY
i
i
H
n e
i
a b o u t . )
about.)
A relative clause gives more information about someone oror something referred to inin a main
more
relative
something
to
information
referred
clause
about
a
A
someone
gives
main
clause. Some relative clauses (defining(defining relative clauses) are used to specify which personperson or thing
clauses
specify
clause.
relative
or
thing
used
Some
to
are
clauses)
relative
which
we mean, or which type of person or thing we mean:
person
type
we
or
of
or
thing
mean,
we
which
mean:
• ¢ The couple who live next to us have sixteen grandchildren.
couple
us
grandchildren.
have
live
The
sixteen
next
to
who
• ¢ Andrew stopped the police car that was driving past.
that
was
the
stopped
Andrew
police
past.
car
driving
Notice that we don't put a commacomma between the noun andand a a definingdefining relative clause. Relative
the
that
noun
clause.
a
relative
Notice
put
don't
Relative
we
between
a wh-yvovA (who, which, etc.)
or that. However,
relative pronoun:
begin with a
clauses begin with a relative pronoun: a wh-word (who, which, etc.) or that. However,
clauses
zero
a
B
(see
relative pronoun
below):
sometimes we omit the wh-word/ that and use
sometimes we omit the wh-word I that and use a zero relative pronoun (sce B below):
• ¢ We went to aa restaurant (which/that) Jane had recommended to us.
restaurant
(which/that)
to
went
had
We
us.
recommended
Jane
to
We prefer to put a a relative clause immediatelyimmediately after oror as close as possible to the noun it adds
to
possible
as
put
as
close
clause
to
it
We
adds
relative
after
the
prefer
noun
informationinformation to:
to:
^ • ¢ The building forfor sale was the house which had a slate roof and was by the stream.
building
stream.
a
the
sale
The
which
house
had
roofand
was
the
was
slate
by
• (rather than The building for sale was the house by the stream which had a slate roof.)
roof.)
(rather than The building for sale was the house by the stream which had aslate
clause,
relative pronoun cancan
the
the
be
subject
the
relative
or
object
B When we use a a defining relative clause, the relative pronoun be the subject or the object ofof
we
defining
When
use
the clause. In the following sentences the relative is the subject. Notice that the verb
In
that
subject.
the
clause.
Notice
verb
is
the
following sentences the relative pronounpronoun
the
the
follows the relative pronoun:
follows
pronoun:
the
relative
• ¢ Rockall is an uninhabiteduninhabited island which/thatwhich/that lies north west of mainland Scotland.
Scotland.
an
is
island
north
of
mainland
west
/ies
Rockall
• ¢ We have a friend who/that plays the piano.
who/that
have
piano.
the
friend
a
plays
We
In the following sentences the relative pronoun is the object. Notice that there is a noun (or(or
the
the
following
Notice
the
that
is
there
pronoun
relative
sentences
is
a
object.
noun
In
pronoun) between the relative pronoun and the verb in the relative clause. In this case, we
clause.
in
the
pronoun
pronoun)
between
relative
relative
the
verb
the
In this case, we cancan
and
use aa zero relative pronoun:
use
pronoun:
zero
relative
• ¢ He showedshowed me the rocks (which/that) he had brought backback fromfrom Australia.
he
Australia.
had
rocks
brought
He
(which/that)
me
the
• ¢ That's the man (who/that) I met at Allison's party.
man
Allison's
at
met
(who/that)
the
That's
I
party.
Adding information about things Adding information about people
about
people
information
Adding
things
information
about
Adding

relative
zero
who
relative
zero
Relative | which |
Relative
that
Relative which thatthat | zero relative Relative | who that| zero relative
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun

subject / / / / X xX subject / / / / X x
subject
subject

/

object
object
object
/ /
/ /
object
/ /
/ /
although
whom
who
of
also
very
whom
use
We
instead
formal:
as
We cancan also use whom instead of who as object, although whom is very formal:
object,
is
• ¢ She's an actress whom most people think is at the peak of her career.
She's
her
think
most
at
peak
actress
the
of
career.
is
whom
an
people
We use that as subject afterafter something and anything; words such as all, little, much, and none
use
subject
and
much,
and
that
all,
anything;
as
such
something
We
as
words
little,
none
subject
something
anything,
usedused as nouns; and superlatives. (Which is also usedused as subject afterafter something andand anything, butbut
as
is
superlatives.
nouns;
as
also
(Which
and
relative
object after these:
less • ¢ These walls are all that remain of the city. (not ...all which remain...)
pronoun
use
zero
We
as
commonly.)
zero
as
pronoun
less
We
after
use
these:
relative
thatthat
oror
commonly.)
object
^@ YouYou + • ¢ can't add althoughalthough who pronoun to to the helped me. (or, in in (not The man who he gave me...) aa
of the city,
are all that remain
These walls
(not ...all which remain...)
I know,
I know.)
kindest people
(that)
(not ...who
She's one of the
• * She's one of the kindest people (that) I know. (not ...who I know.)
Is there anything (that)
I can do to help?
...anything which I can do...)
(rather than
• ¢ Is there anything (that) I can do to help? (rather than ...anything which I can do...)
relative
addition to the
relative pronoun:
clause
object to
aa
clause
can't
in
add
subject oror
the
the
relative
relative
addition
subject
object
to
pronoun:
•
book
the
who
me
he
gave
the
gave
man
The
(not
The man who gave me the book was the librarian,librarian.
The
me...)
man
who
was
addition to
a pronoun to the main clause
*Notice
also that adding
the relative clause is
adding
a
clause
is
*Notice
relative
to
also
the
the
in
that
addition
main
clause
is
in
it
unnecessary,
speech:
speech:
it
in
unnecessary,
is
foundfound
is
A friend of mine who is a solicitor helped me.
in speech A friend of mine who
of
A
in
speech
is
mine
A
friend
mine
of
a
(or,
who
solicitor
friend
is
she
solicitor -
me.)
she
-
helpedhelped
solicitor
me.)
Relative clauses (2)—(4) =
Retaie dauses 24) =>