Page 17 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

L VPOLICUL (I Have UUHIG) dilU PasbIpic
PIGOCHL jJdl ICUL ^1 l l d V C U U I I G J d l l U \Jubl
( I d i d ) ( 2 )
(2)
did)
(I
We use the present perfect when we talk about something that happened in a period of time up to
to
when
a
up
something
present
about
We
in
the
time
talk
we
of
happened
use
period
that
perfect
finished
the present. We use the simple to talk about something that happened at a particular, finished
the
happened
that
present.
at
something
We
a
talk
use the pastpast
simple
to
particular,
about
time in the past. Compare:
the
in
time
Compare:
past.
and
has made many major advances this century,
• ¢ Science has made many major advances this century. and
Science
18th century.
made some fundamental discoveries in the
Scientists
• * Scientists made some fundamental discoveries in the 18th century.
• * He puts to good use things that other people have thrown away, andand
that
use
have
away.
puts
things
He
thrown
other
good
people
to
• ¢ I threw away most of my old books when I moved house.
threw
old
I
house.
of
most
away
when
moved
I
books
my
When we report that someone has recently invented, produced, discovered or written something
invented,
something
report
discovered
someone
or
has
recently
written
we
When
that
produced,
we use the present perfect. When we talk about something that was invented, etc. in the more
something
the
use
we
etc.
talk
perfect.
more
we
was
present
about
in
the
When
that
invented,
distant past we use the past simple. Compare:
the
past
past
we
Compare:
simple.
use
distant
• ¢ Scientist have discovered that, all over the world, millions of frogs and toads are dying.
are
dying.
Scientist
toads
millions
have
over
of
the
discovered
all
that,
frogs
and
world,
9
e • * It is often said that Hernan Cortes 'discovered' Mexico in 1519.
in
'discovered'
that
Cortés
Mexico
Hernan
It
often
said
1519.
is
• ¢ Two schoolchildren have invented a device for moving large objects up flights of stairs.
device
a
large
invented
schoolchildren
up
flights
objects
Two
have
for
of
moving
stairs.
• ¢ Chinese craftsmencraftsmen invented both paper and printing.
Chinese
and
both
printing.
paper
invented
Sometimes it makes very little difference to the main sense of the sentence if we thinkthink of something
very
of
something
little
difference
makes
the
Sometimes
sense
main
it
if
of
sentence
the
we
to
happening in a period of time up to the present or at a particular, finished time in the past:
at
or
past:
in
to
finished
particular,
up
time
time
a
the
the
happening
in
present
period
a
of
• ¢ The research is now complete and the experiment was {or has been) a success.
for
The
success.
the
has
complete
is
was
experiment
research
a
and
now
been)
• ¢ Does it concern you that you failed {or have failed) the test?
failed)
failed
the
you
(or
test?
have
you
it
concern
Does
that
• ¢ I'm sure I read {or I have read) somewhere that he died in a plane crash.
for
sure
I'm
crash.
read)
died
I
he
I
have
read
somewhere
a
in
that
plane
We can use either the present perfect or the past simple to talk about repeated actions or events. IfIf
talk
events.
past
either
to
the
simple
use
or
actions
present
about
We
can
the
perfect
repeated
or
we use the present perfect, we often suggest that the action or event might happen again.
use
the
we
perfect,
event
present
suggest
action
the
we
might
that
often
happen
or
again.
(see Unit 5). If we use the
Sometimes we emphasise this with phrases such as so far and up to now (see Unit 5). If we use the
Sometimes we emphasise this with phrases such as so far and up to now
past simple, it suggests that it is finished won't happen again. Compare:
suggests
it
Compare:
again.
finished andand
it
simple,
is
won't
past
happen
that
Timson has made
13 films and I think her latest is the best, and
• ¢ Timson has made 13 films and I think her latest is the best. and
• ¢ Timson made 13 films before she was tragically killed in a car accident.
13
she
killed
was
tragically
car
accident.
in
before
films
Timson
a
made
• ¢ Lee has represented his country on many occasions, and hopes to go on to compete in the
and
his
on
Lee
the
to
occasions,
in
country
many
go
has
on
represented
to
hopes
compete
next Olympics.
next Olympics, andand
• ¢ Lee represented his country on many occasions, but was forced to retire after an injury.
on
injury.
to
forced
was
country
an
Lee
after
his
but
represented
occasions,
retire
many
use
and
the
We cancan
past
talk
the
to
use
perfect
the
We
about
present
states.
both
simple
We use both the present perfect and the past simple to talk about states. We use the presentpresent
perfect to talk about a state that existed in the past and still exists now, and we use the past simple
use
perfect
exists
now,
the
past
existed
in
we
the
a
past
to
talk
and
that
and
about
state
still
simple
if the state no longer exists. Compare:
exists.
if
state
longer
no
the
Compare:
• ¢ I have known him most of my working life. (I am still working) andand
working
(I
am
known
life.
him
still
working)
Ihave
of
my
most
• ¢ I knew him when we were both working in Rome.
working
I
him
in
Rome.
were
knew
when
both
we
We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here.
• « • ¢ news reports, you will to tennis tennis or club since we we used here. with in. the present perfect, and
belonged
(We
have
moved
it.)
still
to
the
(We still belong to it.) andand
belong
We
the N \
We belonged to the tennis club in the village we used to live in.
the
village
in
to
the
to
We
live
club
belonged
hear
events
In
read
In news reports, you will often read or hear events introduced with the present perfect, and thenthen
often
introduced
the past simple is used to give the details:
details:
is
used
give
past
simple
the
to
Thefilm
The film star Jim Cooper has died ofCooper of
has
died
star
Jim
@
; TVnews
'A teacher from
has
@
Oslo has
from
teacher
‘A
Oslo
cancer. He was 68 and lived in Texas...'
Texas...’
lived
in
was
68
cancer.
He
and
the
become
woman
become the first woman toto
first

cross the Antarctic alone. It
Antarctic

cross
It
alone.
the
'The US space shuttle Atlantis has

'• "The US space shuttle Atlantis has
took her 42 days to make the
took her 42 days to make the
returned safely to earth. It landed
retumed safely to earth. It landed

crossing with her dog team..."/
crossing with her dog team..."

in Florida this morning...'
in
morning...’
this
Florida
Present perfect and pest smple (1) and
Past continuous and past simple EEED
Present perfect and past simple (1) and (3) (3) => [TERS
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