Page 19 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

FIGoCil POLICUL [i n a v e u u n c ; a n u p a s t d i m
p e l
I C U L (I Have UUIG) aHU Pad OIIVIG
t e n s e s
( I d i d ) ( 3 ) : a d v e r b s u s e d w i t h t h e s e tenses
(3):
used
adverbs
did)
with
(I
these
Some time adverbs that connect the past to the present are often used with the present perfect:
often
connect
with
the
present
Some
are
past
the
time
that
perfect:
the
adverbs
present
used
to
sleep,
• * Don't disturb Amy. She's just gone totosleep. (not(not ...she just went to sleep.)
went
just
gone
disturb
Amy.She's
...she
Don't
to
sleep.)
just
• * Have you seen Robert lately} (not Did you see...)
/ately}
Robert
seen
you
Have
(not
you
see...)
Did
like
yet.
already,
week),
this
still,
(last
now,
include
time
OtherOther time adverbs like this include already, since (last week), so far, still, up to now, yet.
so
since
far,
up
to
adverbs
When we
use
time
When we use time adverbs that talk about finished periods of time we use the past simple ratherrather
of
adverbs
use
time
finished
we
simple
periods
that
talk
about
the
past
than the present perfect:
geen the present perfect:
• Marie died, at the age of 86, in 1964. (not Marie has died...)
has
Marie
*
the
1964.
in
Marie
at
86,
(not
died,
of
age
died...)
Other time adverbs like this include (a month) ago, at (3 o'clock), last (week, month), on
month),
include
(week,
(3
o'clock),
(a
ago,
last
adverbs
Other
this
at
time
month)
like
on
(Monday), once (= at some time in the past), then, yesterday.
(Monday),
some
then,
yesterday.
(=
once
the
time
at
in
past),
We often use before, for, and recently with the present perfect and also the past simple.
We often use before, for, and recently with the present perfect and also the past simple.
For example:
For example:

perfect
present
simple
past
...with
...with present perfect ...with past simple
...with

this
has
Why didn't you ask me before}
before.
like
happened
*
• * Nothing like this has happened before. • Why didn't you ask mebefore?
Nothing
for
years.
• * We've had the dishwasher for three years. • ¢ We had the carcar for sixsix years.
We've had the dishwasher for three years.
had
the
We
we have still got it) (= we no longer have it)
(= we have still got it) (= we no longer have it)
(=
• * A A new school has recently opened in New Road. • * I J sawsaw Dave recently.
has
opened
in
recently
Road.
school
new
New
Dave
recently.

Time adverbs that referrefer to the present, suchsuch as today, this morning/week/month, can also be used
present,
adverbs
used
the
also
to
can
morning/week/month,
Time
be
that
this
today,
as
with either the present perfect or past simple. If we see today etc. as a past, completed period ofof
we
present
either
period
simple.
or
today
completed
see
as
past
with
the
a
past,
etc.
perfect
If
time, then we use the past simple; if we see today, etc. as a period including the present moment,
the
etc.
see
the
past
we
we
including
time,
if
as
present
use
simple;
moment,
period
then
today,
a
then we use the present perfect. Compare:
perfect.
use
present
the
Compare:
we
then
• I I didn't shave today (= the usual time has passed; suggests I will not shave today) andand
will
I
today
(=
the
today)
passed;
suggests
not
has
shave
shave
*
didn't
usual
time
• * J I haven'thaven't shaved today. (= today is not finished; I may shave later or may not)
(=
may
not
or
shave
finished;
later
foday.
may
shaved
today
I
is
not)
• * I wrote three letters thisthis morning. (= the morning is over) andand
over)
three
letters
wrote
I
the
morning.
morning
(=
is
• * I've written three letters this morning. (= it is still morning)
is
written
three
it
morning)
letters
(=
morning.
still
this
I've
We use since to talk about a period that started at some point in the past and until the
the
use
We
since to talk about a period that started at some point in the past and continuescontinues
until
present time. This is why we often use since with the present perfect:
present
perfect:
the
with
This
why
since
time.
we
use
is
present
often
• * Since 1990 I have lived in a a small house near the coast.
1990
Since
small
in
coast.
near
I
have
lived
house
the
• Tom has been ill since Christmas.
Christmas.
*
since
has
ill
Tom
been
includes
the
sizce-clause
pattern
In
which
to
contain
the
In a sentence which includes a smce-clause, the usual pattern is for the smce-clause to contain aa
a
a
usual
since-clause,
for
sentence
is
past simple, and the main clause to contain a present perfect
past simple, and the main clause to contain a present perfect::
• * SinceSince MrMr HassanHassan became president, both taxes and unemploymentunemployment have increased.
taxes
increased.
and
have
president,
both
became
• I haven't been able to play tennis since I broke my arm. two situations described in the
e
been
Thaven't
since
I
to
play
arm.
tennis
my
broke
able
However, we can
a present perfect in the swce-clause if the two situations described in the
use
g Since: reasons => he was young, magnificent views I have ever seen. (= since appearance. life) about the whole
the
use
in
perfect
However,
the
present
can
a
we
if
since-clause
main and s/nce-clause extend until the present:
main and since-clause extend until the present:
Since I've lived here, I haven't seen my neighbours.
Since I've lived here, I haven't seen my neighbours.
• *
never to emphasise that we
talking
ever and
use the
are
perfect with
present
We use the present perfect with ever and never to emphasise that we are talking about the whole
We
of a period of time up until the present:
a
of period of time up until the present:
in
of the most
my whole
It's one
It's one of the most magnificent views I have ever seen. (= in my whole life)
• *
bought it)
(= at any time
I
I've never had any problems with my car. (= at any time since I bought it)
• *
I've never had any problems with my car.
ever and
use the past simple with
a
never to
talk about
completed
period
in the past:
We use the past simple with ever and never to talk about a completed period in the past:
We
his
never bothered too much about
he
• *
When
When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance.
Present perfect and past simple (1) and (2):
Present perfect and past smple(1) and (2) => GREEY © Pastcontinuousard pestsmpe =
Past continuous and past simple = FG
Since: reasons => |ШШЛ