Page 300 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

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[102]
[101]
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96
97
sonicated (40kHz, 160W), T¼ambient, t¼30min,
T¼60°C,
oil
T¼60°C,
oil
concentration¼30g/L,
ratio¼9:1,
the
ratio¼7:13,
ratio¼1:3,
(1200rpm)
ratio¼1:1,
H 2 SO 4 ¼1%
the
on
(v/v)
on
ratio¼6:1,
(based
mass),
160W)
(based
concentration¼27%
molar
volumetric
volumetric
stirred
volumetric
H 2 SO 4 ¼1%
oil
t¼4h,
H 2 SO 4 ¼1%
(40kHz,
acid
molar
the
(400rpm)
volume),
on
Methanol/fatty
temperature,
KOH
(400rpm)
Methanol/oil
Methanol/oil
Methanol/oil
Methanol/oil
(based
sonicated
t¼1.5h,
alcoholic
oil
t¼3h,
stirred
H 2 SO 4
H 2 SO 4 ¼3.5%
the
stirred
T¼boiling
t¼60min,
on
T¼60°C,
T¼60°C,
step:
step:
volume),
step:
spent grounds coffee 258 (wt% Yield the of Ref. oil) extracted process production Biodiesel [22] 85.5 t¼4h, T¼65°C, ratio¼9:1, molar Methanol/oil volume), methanol the on (based KOH¼2.5% (800rpm) [99] 86 t¼3h, T¼60°C, ratio¼2:3, mass Methanol/oil volume), methanol the on (based NaOH¼1.4% (80rpm) [100] 97.2 T¼4
step:
step:
step:
aqueous
mass),
(based
from stirred stirred 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
production of (wt% spent grounds)
biodiesel Yield dried the coffee 15.28 6 6.5 12 12.94 16.2
on
studies 4 160W)
some hexane, (50:50v/v)/spent contact T¼60–70°C, (40kHz,
of with T¼60°C,
Summary extraction grounds¼4.17mL/g, t¼25h, coffee contacts coffee sonicated Soxhlet extraction with hexane, t¼2h Soxhlet extraction with hexane, t¼8h
9.8 extraction Hexane-isopropanol T¼ambient, time¼1min Hexane/spent grounds¼5.5mL/g, Hexane/spent grounds¼4mL/g,
Table Oil Soxhlet t¼0.5h coffee extraction t¼45min,