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Ecofuel conversion technology of inedible lipid feedstocks to renewable fuel 261

Nonpressurized brewing

Heat
On

Filter coffee maker or coffee dripping machine
Pressurized brewing

Pump
on
Heat
on
Heat
Mocha coffeemaker Espresso coffeemaker Cafetiere or plunger coffeemaker Aeropress
or french press coffeemaker coffeemaker

Fig. 9.2 Schematic figures of coffee brewing.

unsaturated fatty acid for the spring production batch [56]. Those facts give an impor-
tant understanding that the uncertainty of biodiesel production from spent coffee gro-
unds is relatively small and can be anticipated easily.

9.4 Application of biorefinery approach in biodiesel
production

9.4.1 Production of biodiesel and γ-oryzanol from rice bran/RBO

A biorefinery is defined as the integrated and sustainable processing of biomass and
equipment to produce chemicals, materials, fuels, and power [110]. At first, the bio-
refinery concept was derived from the petroleum refinery, in which different technol-
ogies were used to produce various chemicals and fuels from petroleum. In the