Page 419 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

372 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Table 13.6 AVL Digas 444 gas analyzer and smoke meter 415SE specifications

Measured quality Measuring range Resolution
AVL Digas 444 gas analyzer
Carbon monoxide (CO) 0–10% vol. 0.01% vol.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 0–20% vol. 0.1% vol.
Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) 0–20,000ppm 2ppm
Oxygen (O 2 ) 0–22% vol. 0.01% vol.
Nitric oxide (NO) 0–5000ppm 1ppm
AVL Smoke meter 415SE
Measurement range 0–10 FSN
Detection limit 0.002 FSN or 0.02mg/m 3
Resolution 0.001 FSN or 0.01mg/m 3
Sample flow rate 10L/min

Table 13.7 Uncertainty of engine performance parameters and measurements

Absolute Percentage
S. No. Engine characteristics uncertainties uncertainties
1 Brake power 0.037kW 1.0
2 Total fuel consumption 0.0044kg/h 0.50
3 Brake specific fuel 0.0025kg/kWh 1.08
consumption
4 Brake thermal efficiency 0.41% –
5 Thermocouple 200°C to 1350°C 0.1%
6 Crank angle encoder 0–360°CA 0.5°CA
7 In-cylinder pressure 0–100bar 0.5bar
8 Speed 0–5000rpm 0.5%
9 Torque 0.5%

s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
∂TFC
ΔTFC ¼ Δt f (13.2)
∂t
s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
∂BSFC ∂BSFC
ΔBSFC ¼ ΔBP + ΔTFC (13.3)
∂BP ∂TFC
s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
∂BSEC ∂BSEC
ΔBSEC ¼ ΔBP + ΔTFC (13.4)
∂BP ∂TFC
s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
∂BTE ∂BTE
ΔBTE ¼ ΔBP + ΔTFC (13.5)
∂BP ∂TFC