Page 417 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

370 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

acquisition system (HDAQ) are linked with the engine software by using an ethernet
cable. The injection duration and injection timing were varied through the engine soft-
ware. The fuel injection quantity and injection timing were modified by a solenoid
sensor; a potentiometer has controlled the injection duration. The engine was directly
connected with an eddy current dynamometer to load the engine. A suitable coupling
was provided between the engine and dynamometer to achieve power transmission
without any speed reduction. The load acting on the engine was varied by changing
the current passing through the eddy current dynamometer. The engine and dynamom-
eter specification are depicted in Table 13.5. Fig. 13.5 shows the schematic view of the
engine setup. An AVL Digas 444 analyzer is used to measure the engine outlet emis-
sions present in the exhaust gas such as CO, CO 2 , NO, O 2 , and UBHC. The concen-
tration of UBHC and NO was measured in ppm whereas CO, CO 2 , and O 2 were
measured in the form of percentage volume. For determining the concentration of gas-
eous pollutants in the exhaust, a sample was taken from a region near the exhaust
valve. A three-stage filtration system was used to remove carbon particles and mois-
ture from the exhaust gases. The filtration system is comprised of a disposable paper

Table 13.5 Diesel engine and eddy current dynamometer specifications

Make Kirloskar
Model AV1
No. of cylinders Single cylinder
Bore 80mm
Stroke 110mm
No. of strokes 4 strokes
Compression ratio 16.5:1
Displacement volume 553cc
Rated power output 3.7kW at 1500rpm
Cooling medium Water
Fuel injection timing 23°CA bTDC
Nozzle opening pressure 200bar
Nozzle hole diameter 0.3mm
No. of nozzle holes 3
Piston bowl Hemispherical
Pressure sensor Make: Kistler, Model: 6613C
Range: 0–100bar
Crank angle encoder Make: Kuebler, Model: Sendix 5000
Vibration resistance: 10–2000Hz
Eddy current dynamometer Make: Power Mag
Maximum power: 5.5kW
Maximum speed: 3000rpm
Operating voltage: 230V, 50Hz
Cooling: air cooled
Weight measurement: load cell
Output: PC interface