Page 439 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

392 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

produced from any nonedible feedstock such as jatropha curcas, pongamia pinnata,
madhuca indica, etc., are within the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications
[7]. The BSFC for the Ceiba pentandra biodiesel blend (CPB10) was higher than that
of diesel. Further, the CO, HC, and smoke were reduced for all biodiesel blends. How-
ever, the NO x and CO 2 emissions were increased when compared to that of diesel [8].
The CO, HC, and PM of soybean vegetable oil were increased by 2–20g/kWh, 1–2g/
kWh, and 1–2g/kWh, respectively, when compared to that of diesel. Further, the BTE
and NO x were lowered 1%–2% and 1–2g/kWh respectively than that of diesel [9]. The
brake specific energy consumption of rice bran oil was higher than that of all blends at
all loads and 25% rice bran oil blend with diesel. Further, the 25% rice bran oil blend
with diesel shows lower viscosity, better combustion, and fewer emissions than that of
other blends of rice bran oil [10].
The CO and smoke emissions were reduced and there is no variation in HC emis-
sion, but NO x emission was increased with vegetable oil blends than that of diesel fuel.
Further, the engine performance with vegetable oil blends or biodiesel was similar to
that of the neat diesel fuel [11]. The use of jatropha, karanja, mahua, linseed, rubber
seed, cottonseed, and neem oil in a CI engine shows reductions in HC, CO, and PM
emissions and higher NO x emission. Hence, the diesel engine without any modifica-
tion can run successfully for 20% vegetable oil and 80% diesel fuel [12]. The use of
biodiesel gives a substantial reduction in PM, HC, and CO emissions along with the
imperceptible power loss, increase in fuel consumption, and increase in NO x emission
on conventional diesel engines without any modification [13, 14]. The BTE of
Jatropha biodiesel and its blends was lower than that of diesel, and BSFC was found
to be higher than that of diesel. The HC, CO, and smoke emission of Jatropha biodiesel
and its blends was lower than that of diesel whereas the NO x emission is higher. Fur-
ther, the maximum rate of pressure rise and heat release rate were found to be lower
than that of diesel [15].
The performance and emission characteristics of a Jatropha methyl ester-operated
diesel engine according to a Malaysian perspective using B10 and B20 blends were
analyzed. The reduction of HC emission for B10 and B20 was 3.84% and 10.25% and
CO emission was 16% and 25%, respectively, when compared to that of B0. However,
the NO x emission of B10 and B20 was reduced by 3% and 6%, respectively, when
compared to that of B0 [16]. The CO, smoke, and NO x of the karanja methyl ester
(KME) blend up to B40 were reduced by 80%, 50%, and 26%, respectively. Further,
it was reported that the brake power output increased 6% for B40 [17]. The BTE was
3%–5% lower for karanja biodiesel and its blends than that of diesel. The UBHC, CO,
CO 2, and smoke were lower for karanja biodiesel than that of diesel. However, the
NO x emission of karanja biodiesel and its blend was higher than that of diesel. Further,
the peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate were lower for karanja biodiesel and
its blends [18]. The testing were conducted by using mahua oil methyl ester (MOME),
mahua oil ethyl ester (MOEE), mahua oil butyl ester (MOBE) and studied the perfor-
mance and emission characteristics in a four stroke diesel engine. The CO and NO x
emissions for MOME, MOEE, and MOBE were lower and the CO 2 emission was
slightly higher than that of diesel. Further, the MOME can be used as a potential sub-
stitute for diesel fuel when compared to that of other esters on the basis of performance