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252     Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book
      Table A3.3 Longitudinal aerodynamic control derivatives
      Small perturbation derivatives referred to aircraft wind axes
      Derivative  Description   Expression   Comments

      X 
      Axial force           Usually
                            S  T
               due to    – 2     k T C L T  2   insignificantly
                                  a
               elevator     S        small
      Z 
      Normal
                           S  T
               force due   –     a 2
               to elevator   S
      M 
      Pitching   – V� T a 2   Principal
               moment                measure of
               due to                pitch control
               elevator              power
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