Page 252 - Air and gas Drilling Field Guide 3rd Edition

References 243

results compare favorably with liquid holdup model bottom hole annulus pres-
sure calculations (given similar incompressible and compressible fluid injection
rates).
The injection pressures are not as close to field operations data. Since there
are few reliable gas holdup models for the downward multiphase flow inside
the drill string and for multiphase flow through the drill bit nozzles, this is
expected.

REFERENCES
1. Bobo, R. A., and Barrett, H. M., “Aeration of Drilling Fluids,” World Oil, Vol 145, No. 4, 1953.
2. Graves, S. L., Niederhofer, J. D., and Beavers, W. M., “A Combination Air and Fluid Drilling
Technique for Zones of Lost Circulation in the Black Warrior Basin,” SPE Drilling Engi-
neering, February 1986.
3. Allan, P. D., “Nitrogen Drilling System for Gas Drilling Applications,” SPE 28320, Presented
at the SPE 69th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
September 25–28, 1994.
4. Underbalanced Drilling Manual, Gas Research Institute Publication, GRI Reference No.
GRI-97/0236, 1997.
5. Hegedorn, A. R., and Brown, K. E., “Experimental Study of Pressure Gradients Occurring
During Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Small Diameter Vertical Conduits,” Journal of
Petroleum Technology, April 1965.
6. Langlinais, J. P., Bourgoyne, A. T., and Holden, W. R., “Frictional Pressure Losses for the Flow
of Drilling Mud and Mud/Gas Mixtures,” SPE 11993, Presented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, California, October 5–8, 1983.
7. Mitchell, B. J., “Test Data Fill Theory Gap on Using Foam as a Drilling Fluid,” Oil and Gas
Journal, September 1971.
8. Krug, J. A., and Mitchell, B. J., “Charts Help Find Volume, Pressure Needed for Foam
Drilling,” Oil and Gas Journal, February 7, 1972.
9. Blauer, R. E., Mitchell, B. J., and Kohlhaas, C. A., “Determination of Laminar, Turbulent and
Transitional Foam Flow Friction Losses in Pipes,” SPE 4885, Presented at the 1974 Annual
SPE California Regional Meeting, San Francisco, California, November 2–4, 1974.
10. Gatlin, C., Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well Completions, Prentice-Hall, 1960.
11. Bourgoyne, A. T., et al, Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE, First Printing, 1986.
12. Moore, P. L., Drilling Practices Manual, The Petroleum Publishing Company, 1974.
13. Guo, B., Hareland, G., and Rajtar, J., “Computer Simulation Predicts Unfavorable Mud Rate
and Optimum Air Injection Rate for Aerated Mud Drilling,” SPE 26892, Presented at the
1993 Eastern Regional Conference and Exhibition held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
November 2–4, 1993.
14. Poettman, F. H., and Carpenter, P. G., Drilling and Production Practice, API, 1952.
15. Poettman, F. H., and Bergman, W. E., “Density of Drilling Muds Reduced by Air Injection,”
World Oil, August 1955.