Page 271 - Air and gas Drilling Field Guide 3rd Edition

262 CHAPTER 10 Stable Foam Drilling

rheology models within them. These rheology models must be correlated with
real experimental data. The correlation process can be made efficient by obtain-
ing quality experimental data on a combination of waters, surfactants, and addi-
tives that have been successful in laboratory tests and in field drilling
operations (i.e., the nominal baseline foam). Once this baseline nominal foam
has been selected, a screening process must be set up to measure all other com-
binations against this baseline mixture.
New foams are being developed for use with oil-based fluids used in synthetic
oil-based mud drilling operations. These foams are being developed for operations
in high temperature wells and possibly in future drilling and work over offshore
operations.

REFERENCES
1. Fried, A. N., “The Foam Drive for Increasing the Recovery of Oil,” Report of Investigation
No. 5866; U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, 1961.
2. Raza, S. H., and Marsden, S. S., “The Streaming Potential and the Rheology of Foam,” SPE
Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1967.
3. Hutchison, S. O., “Foam Workovers Cut Costs 50%,” World Oil, January 1969.
4. David, A., and Marsden, S. S., “The Rheology of Foam,” SPE Paper 2544, SPE Annual
Meeting, Denver, September 28–20, 1969.
5. Mitchell, B. J., Viscosity of Foam, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1969.
6. Blauer, R. E., Mitchell, B. J., and Kohlhaas, C. A., “Determination of Laminar, Turbulent, and
Transitional Foam Flow Losses in Pipes,” SPE Paper 4885, SPE Annual California Regional
Meeting, San Francisco, April 4–5, 1974.
7. Beyer, A. H., Millhone, R. S., and Foote, R. W., “Flow Behavior of Foam as a Well Circulating
Fluid,” SPE Paper 3986, SPE Annual Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, October 8–11,
1972.
8. Krug, J. A., and Mitchell, B. J., “Charts Help Find Volume, Pressure Needed for Foam Dril-
ling,” Oil and Gas Journal, February 7, 1972.
9. Sanghani, V., Rheology of Foam and its Implications in Drilling and Cleanout Operations,
Master of Science Thesis, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1982.
10. Machado, C. J., and Ioku, C. U., “Experimental Determination of Solids Friction Factor and
Minimum Volumetric Requirements in Air and Gas Drilling,” SPE Paper 9938, SPE California
Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, March 25–26, 1981.
11. Okpobiri, G. A., and Ioku, C. U., “Experimental Determination of Friction Factors for Mist
and Foam Drilling and Well Cleanout Operations,” ASME Paper AO-204, ASME Energy
Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition, Houston, January 30–February 3, 1983.
12. Okpobiri, G. A., and Ioku, C. U., “Volumetric Requirements for Foam and Mist Drilling
Operations,” SPE Paper 11723, SPE California Regional Meeting, Ventura, March 23–25, 1983.
13. Okpobiri, G. A., and Ioku, C. U., “Volumetric Requirements for Foam and Mist Drilling
Operations,” SPE Drilling Engineering, February 1986.