Page 20 - Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures

List of symbols xxi

Roman symbols
Symbol Variable name Unit measure

m % Actual percentage of specific mineral %
Mass flow rate kg/s
_ m
Normal force (e.g., axial) N
N
m m m Axial force at base, middle and head of each pile element N
N ; N ; N
b;k m;k h;k
N c ; N q ; N γ Bearing capacity factors
Proportion of sectional axial force received by concrete N
N c
Axial force needed to crack the concrete N
N cr
Axial force mobilised by the concrete upon cracking N
N cr;c
Design value of axial force mobilised by the concrete upon cracking N
N cr;d
Axial force mobilised by the concrete upon cracking N
N cr;r
Cycle number
N cyc
Design values of axial cross-sectional load N
N d
Design value of acting axial force N
N E;d
Design permanent load N
N Gd
Characteristic permanent load N
N Gk
Correction factor for effect of finite layer depth
N h l
Design variable load N
N Qd
Characteristic variable load N
N Qk
Resisting axial force N
N R
Design value of resisting axial force N
N R;d
Proportion of sectional axial force received by reinforcement N
N r
Nusselt number related to a pipe
Nu d
Nusselt number influenced by the temperature
Nu d;T
Nusselt number under turbulent flow conditions
Nu turb
N ν Correction factor for effect of Poisson’s ratio
Porosity
n
Empirical coefficient
n HC
Material parameter
n e
Number of energy piles
n EP
Number of piles along a row or a column of the pile group in plan view
~ n EP
Normal vector
n i
Number of loaded piles
n LP
Material parameter
n L
Number of energy pile projects
n p;EP
Number of projects
~ n p
Number of pipes
n p
Steel to concrete stiffness ratio
n rc
n φ Number of reinforcement bars
n 1 Normal to the contact surface
o 1 ; o 2 Material parameters
Vertical or axial mechanical load applied at pile base N
P b
Design value of vertical or axial mechanical load N
P d
Response of the semiinfinite medium to daily periods s
P daily
World primary energy supply toe
P E;w
P E;w;% Proportion of world primary energy supply %
Wetted perimeter of pipe cross section m
P p
Reference value of vertical mechanical load N
P ref
Prandtl number
Pr
Response of the semiinfinite medium to yearly periods s
P yearly