Page 30 - Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures

List of symbols xxxi

Greek symbols
Symbol Variable name Unit measure
Characteristic strain at maximum load ; με
ε uk
Yield steel deformation ; με
ε yd
Effectiveness of the heat pump
E ghe
ε Time lag s
E Surface emissivity
~ κ Elastic compressibility
Empirical parameters
κ 1 ; κ 2
~ κ Swelling index
θ Angular coordinate m
Volumetric water content %
θ w
Lode’s angle degrees
θ l
~ θ Angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis degrees
perpendicular to the shear force
~ ~ ~ ~ C
Temperature at reached at a time t
θ; θ i
Dimensionless temperature
θ EP ; θ g
θ Body forces in the θ direction N/m 3
~ θ Normalised temperature C
η Energy efficiency of underground thermal energy storage systems
UTES
(UTES)
η Total system energy efficiency of UTES
UTES;tot
η Internal system energy efficiency of UTES
η UTES;int Ratio of deviatoric stress over mean effective stress
pq
η Kinematic viscosity of the fluid m /s
2
f
η Effective strength factor
η sb Partial safety factors for volume or scale effect
η i Factor
B
η ε Normalised strain factor
η Integration variable
@ Equivalent property of a composite material Variable
Equivalent effective property of a composite material Variable
@ i
ρ Bulk density kg/m 3
ρ Density of air kg/m 3
ρ a Dry density kg/m 3
d
ρ ; ρ Reinforcement ratios in the y and z directions
ly lz
ρ Saturated density kg/m 3
ρ sat Density of fluid kg/m 3
f
ρ Density of the water kg/m 3
ρ w Normalised area
p;eff
ρ Reinforcement ratio
ρ r Effective longitudinal reinforcement ratio
eff
ρ Effective reinforcement ratio
r;eff
ρ Minimum reinforcement ratio
r;min
ρ Density of solid particles kg/m 3
ρ s Bulk density of soil kg/m 3
ρ soil Bulk density of pile kg/m 3
EP
R Material parameter
Total vertical stress Pa
σ; σ z ; σ zz
Average longitudinal stress Pa
σ cp