Page 220 - Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences

206 Index

units definition of solution of, 1 5
decimal multiples of, 1 5 7 electrical conductivity of, 83
international system of (SI), 1 5 7 equilibrium (or dissociation) constant
5
universal gas constant, , 6 for, 1 6 3
universe , reversible transformations and equilibrium vapor pressure equation
entropy of, 23 for, 14
unsaturated solutions , definition of, 68 ion-product constant for, 79 88, 99, 1 5 8
,
uraninite (U02), thermodynamic proper­ ions in pure samples of, 79-80
ties of, 1 7 1 as Lewis base , 96
uranium (U) molal boiling-point-elevation constant
atomic weight of, 1 7 0 for, 72
thermodynamic properties of, 17 1 molal freezing-point-depression con-
UV-B light stant for, 72
molecular weight of, 2
harm from exposure to, 146
ozone absorption of, 146 natural , pH values of, 89
as oxidant, 129
pure , pH of, 89
v
s
valence state . See oxidation numbers thermodynamic properties of, 169
van't Hoff factor, definition of, 77-78 as weak electrolyte , 79, 80
vapor, equilibrium with liquid , 3 watt, definition and symbol for, 1 5 7
vapor pressure wavelength, of radiation , 1 3 7
decrease of, in solutions , 7 1 wave number, definition of, 1 3 8
7
Henry's law for, 1 waves, electromagnetic radiation as, 1 3 7
Raoult's law for, 1 wet batteries . See electrochemical cells
7
at saturation , 34 working substance, in thermodynamics,
velocity of light , 1 3 7, 1 5 8 cylinder-piston example, 1 8 - 1 9
vibrational energy , contribution to activa­
tion energy , 67
vibrational energy state , of a molecule, x
transition of, 1 4 1 X-ray radiation , in electromagnetic spec­
visible light , i n electromagnetic spectrum , trum, 1 3 8
1 3 7- 1 3 8
volcanoes
bromine in plumes of, 49 z
eruption of, effect on stratospheric zero-order reaction , 62
ozone depletion, 1 5 5 zinc (Zn)
low pH of areas around , 128 atomic weight of, 1 6 1
volt. definition and symbol for, 1 5 7 electrode potential of, 1 2 0
voltaic cell. See electrochemical cell(s) in oxidation-reduction reaction, 1 3 0
voltmeter thermodynamic properties of, 1 7 1
zinc-copper electrochemical cell , electron
as "Gibbs free-energy meter," 1 3 3
-
use for measuring electric potential dif­ movement in, 1 2 0 1 2 1
ference , 1 1 6 zinc gas (Zn), thermodynamic properties
vortex circulation, of air, role in strato­ of, 1 7 1
spheric ozone hole formation , 150- zinc-hydrogen electrochemical cell, stan­
1 5 1 dard half-cell potential of, 1 1 9
zinc ion (Zn + 2 ) , 172
thermodynamic properties of, 1 7 1
w
water (H,O) zinc oxide (ZnO), thermodynamic proper­
atmospheric residence time of, 1 ties of, 1 7 1
6
bonding energy f hydroxy group in, zinc sulfide (ZnS) , solubility (or ion) prod­
o
1 5 5 uct constant for, 167