Page 216 - Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences

202 Index

photosynthesis (cont.) Q
oxidation-reduction reactions with, quanta. See photons
104, 1 1 3 quantum mechnanics, as basis for molecu­
physical equilibrium, chemical equilib­ lar energy transitions, 1 4 1
rium constant application to, 14 quantum yield
pico (prefix), definition and symbol for, definition of, 142
s
1 5 7 in photochemical reaction , 1 4 2- 1 4 3
Planck constant, 1 3 9, 1 5 8 a-quartz (Si02) , thermodynamic proper­
plastic foams, Freon use in manufacture ties of, 1 7 0
of, 1 4 9 quenching, of excited molecules, 140
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), role in
ozone hole formation
over Antarctic, 1 5 0 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 R
-
over Arctic , 153 radical , definition of, 1 5 6
pollution, effect on pH of rainwater, 100 radiocarbon dating, of artifacts, 66, 67
polyatomic molecules, oxidation numbers radio communications, electrons in
of. 1 06 Earth's upper atmosphere as basis
polyprotic acids of, 1 4 1
acid-dissociation constants for, 164 radio waves, in electromagnetic spec­
definition and properties of, 90-9 1 trum, 1 3 8
potassium (K) rainwater
atomic weight of, 1 6 0 as acid rain, JOO
thermodynamic properties of, 1 7 0 pH of, 89-90, 98- 1 0 1
potassium hydroxide (KOH), as base, 85 Raoult's law, fo r ideal solutions, 16, 1 -
7
potassium ion ( K ' ), 1 7 2 72
residence time in ocean , 6 1 rate coefficient
thermodynamic properties of, 1 7 0 for chemical reactions,
potential energy , based on molecular con- 44
temperature effects, 56
figuration, 1 7
power, I unit of, 1 5 7 for photolysis, 1 4 2- 144
S
precipitation , from solutions, 68, 70 rate equation , for chemical reactions, 44
prefixes, for decimal muliples of units, rate law , for chemical reactions, 44
1 5 7 rates, of chemical reactions, 43-46
pressure reactant(s)
lack of effect on solubility, 7 1 in chemical reactions
partial, 5, 7, 1 73, 1 74 fast type, 43
SI unit of, 1 5 , 1 5 7 representation of, 3-4
standard, 2. 1 5 half-life of, 58
primary photochemical steps, 140- 1 4 1 reaction , chemical. See chemical reac­
o
principle f detailed balancing, 5 1 tion(s)
products, in chemical reactions, represen- reaction mechanisms, 46-50
tation of, 3-4 definition of, 47
proton(s) (H + ), 78-80, 83, 84 determination method for, 48-49
Brjljnsted-Lowry theory of, 86-87, 1 0 4 reaction quotient, 8-10
hydration of, 86 definition of, 8
from polyprotic acids, 90 reaction rate , 43-46, 62
s
radius of, 1 0 3 equilibria and, 50-52
thermodynamic properties of, 1 6 9 pressure effects on, 1
6
protonation, complete, 88 temperature effects on, 56-57, 65
PSCs. See polar stratospheric clouds red light
(PSCs) energy needed to produce oxygen by,
pseudo first-order reaction, rate coeffi­ 1 5 5
cient for, 45-46 wavelengths of, 1 3 8
pyrite (FeS ), thermodynamic properties redox potential(s), 1 2 8- 1 3 0
2
of, 1 6 9 definition of, 1 2 8
pyrolusite (Mn02) , thermodynamic prop­ Eh as symbol for, 1 2 8
erties of, 1 7 0 in natural environments, 1 2 9, 1 3 0