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africa, postcolonial 25

ety to counterbalance state power, has also had unfortu- Conklin,A. (1997).A mission to civilize:The republican idea of empire in
nate effects across the continent. France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univer-
sity Press.
The economic legacies of colonialism have been Falola, T. (2001). Nationalism and African intellectuals. Rochester, NY:
equally problematic. The inherited transportation infra- University of Rochester Press.
Fieldhouse, D. K. (1981). Colonialism 1870–1945:An introduction. Lon-
structure, geared toward the export of agricultural goods
don: Weidenfield & Nicholson.
and raw materials, has made it difficult to integrate Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold’s ghost: A story of greed, terror and
African economies within and between nations. Even heroism in colonial Africa. Boston: Mariner Books.
Kerslake, R. T. (1997). Time and the hour: Nigeria, East Africa, and the
while Africa’s manufacturing sector has grown, problems Second World War. New York: Radcliffe Press.
of economic underdevelopment remain. Africans still Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/postcolonialism. New York: Routledge.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the
often produce what they do not consume, and consume
legacy of late colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
what they do not produce, remaining dependent on the Mazrui,A.A., & Wondji, C. (Eds.). (1994).Africa since 1935. In UNESCO
vagaries of international commodity prices. general history of Africa (Vol. 8). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mazrui,A.A. (1986). The Africans:A triple heritage. Boston: Little Brown.
Africans have had difficulty making positive use of Northrup, D. (2002). Africa’s discovery of Europe. New York: Oxford Uni-
the political and economic legacies of colonialism. But versity Press.
Nzegwu, N. (Ed.). (1998). Issues in contemporary African art. Birming-
the same is not true in cultural and intellectual life,
ham, AL: International Society for the Study of Africa.
where African encounters with global cultural influences Page, M. E. (1987). Africa and the First World War. New York: St Martin’s
over the past century have been remarkably fruitful. In Press.
Palmer, R., & Parsons, N. (1977). The roots of rural poverty in Central and
music and in the visual arts, for example, Africans have Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.
absorbed European and other cultural influences with- Phillips, A. (1989). The enigma of colonialism: British policy in West
Africa. London: James Currey.
out sacrificing a distinctly African aesthetic. Similarly, as
Rosander, E. E., & Westerlund, D. (Eds.). (1997). African Islam and Islam
Africans have accepted new religions, most notably in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Christianity and Islam, they have infused them with Shillington, K. (2004). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: Fitzroy
Dearborn.
beliefs and practices rooted in their own cultural tradi- Sundkler, B., & Sneed, C. (2000). A history of the church in Africa. Cam-
tions. It is in these cultural, intellectual, and spiritual bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Zeleza, P. T., & Eyoh, D. (Eds.). (2003). Encyclopedia of twentieth-
domains that hope resides for the African continent to
century African history. New York: Routledge.
surmount the challenges remaining from the colonial
period.
Kenneth R. Curtis
Africa,
See also Africa, Postcolonial; Apartheid in South Africa;
Pan-Africanism
Postcolonial

Further Reading fter World War II, Africans and those of African
Austen, R. (1987). African economic history: Internal development and Adescent met at the Fifth Pan-African Congress in
external dependency. London: Heinemann.
Boahen, A. A. (1989). African perspectives on colonialism. Baltimore: Manchester in the United Kingdom in 1945, where one
Johns Hopkins. of their primary aims was to formulate strategies for end-
Boahen, A. A. (Ed.). (1990). Africa under colonial domination, 1880– ing colonialism on the continent. Several independence
1935. In UNESCO general history of africa (Vol. 7). Berkeley: Uni-
versity of California Press. movements around the continent were sparked or gained
Brown, I. (Ed.). (1989). The economies of Africa and Asia in the inter-war a new momentum as a result of the congress’s activities.
depression. London: Routledge.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (1991–1997). Of revelation and revolution By 1960 several African countries had freed themselves
(Vols. 1–2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. of their colonial masters or were actively engaged in