Page 17 - Between One and Many The Art and Science of Public Speaking

xvi Contents

Chapter 15 Thinking and Speaking Critically 403

Critical Thinking and Public Speaking 405
Pseudoreasoning and Fallacies 405
Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness 405
The Toulmin Model of Argument 409
Fallacies Associated With Grounds 411
Unsupported Assertion 411
Distorted Evidence 411
Isolated Examples 412
Misused Numerical Data 412
Fallacies Associated With Claims 413
Red Herring 414
Arguing in a Circle 414
Fallacies Associated With Warrants and Backing 414
Authority Warrants 415
Generalization Warrants 416
Comparison (Analogy) Warrants 419
Causal Warrants 420
Sign Warrants 422
Fallacies Associated With Qualifi ers 423
Loaded Language 423
Hyperbole 424
Fallacies Associated With Rebuttals 424
Straw Person 424
Ignoring the Issue 425
The Non Sequitur: An Argument That Does Not Follow 425
Summary 426
Check Your Understanding: Exercises and Activities 428
Notes 428
In Their Own Words Sample Persuasive Message: D.A.R.E. by Mitch Bacci 406
Speaking of . . . Defects of Reasoning: The Fallacies 426

Chapter 16 “Real World” Speaking 431

Reframing: Speaking as Storytelling 434
Probability 435
Fidelity 435
Speaking on Special Occasions 436
Speech of Acceptance 437
Speech of Introduction 437
Speech of Recognition 439